steppe

[German, from Russian step'.]

The wild grasslands of central Europe and Asia. The natural vegetation has by now been removed or much altered by cultivation and grazing.

To the forest-dwelling, inland-looking Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarus), the steppes of Central Russia and Eurasia historically were much like the oceans and seas to maritime civilizations. In song and verse, these vast grasslands were the dikiye polya (wild fields) inhabited by the equivalent of untamed, bloodthirsty pirates. Between 700 B.C.E. and 1600 .E., the steppes were the realm of marauding horse-riding nomads, scions of the Völkerwanderungen (peoples' migrations), such as the Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Huns, Avars, Magyars, Pechenegs, Polovtsy, Mongol-Tatars, and multi-cultural free-booting Cossacks. Indeed, until the invention of the steel-tipped, moldboard plow in the nineteenth century, Eastern Slavic farmers were unable to cultivate the rich black-earths (chernozems) of the steppes, and they confined their settlements mainly to the forest zones.

Steppe climates are sub-humid, semiarid continental types. Summer lasts from four to six months. Average July temperatures range from 70 to 73.5 degrees Fahrenheit (21 to 23 degrees Celsius). Winter, by Russian standards, is mild, with January averaging between -4 and 32 degrees Fahrenheit (-13 and 0 degrees Celsius). It generally persists for three to five months. There is a distinctive lack of soil moisture. Average annual precipitation is 18 inches (46 centimeters) in the north and 10 inches (26 centimeters) in the south. Most of it derives from summer thunderstorms. The depth of snow cover in winter ranges from 4 inches (10 centimeters) in the south to 20 inches (50 centimeters) in the north.

Steppe ecology exhibits subtle diversity. Herbaceous vegetation abounds. The only natural forests follow the river valleys and ravines, but shelter-belts, planted since the 1930s, parallel the roads and farms to trap snow in winter. Salinized soils (solonets) occasionally interrupt the predominant chernozems and chestnut soils. Small mammals typify the steppe, including marmots, hamsters, social meadow mice, jerboas, and others.

This zone and the wooded-steppe to the north yield Russia's best farmland. Between 1928 and 1940, most of the steppe was converted to state and collective farms. In the 1950s, long-term fallow lands (perelog and zalezh) were plowed in Russia's Altay Foreland and in northern Kazakhstan (the "Virgin Lands"); thus most of the natural steppe is gone. Common crops are wheat, barley, sunflowers, and maize.

Bibliography

Gregory, James S. (1968). Russian Land, Soviet People. New York: Pegasus.

Jackson, W. A. Douglas. (1956). "The Virgin and Idle Lands of Western Siberia and Northern Kazakhstan." The Geographical Review 46:1 - 19.

Shaw, Denis J. B. (1999). Russia in the Modern World: A New Geography. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

—VICTOR L. MOTE

Vast grassy plains associated with eastern Russia and Siberia.

Several Russian breeds of cattle, e.g. Red Steppe, Grey Steppe.

This article is about the ecological zone type. For other uses, see Steppe (disambiguation).

Steppe in Mongolia

Steppe in Uzbekistan

A steppe in physical geography refers to a biome region characterised by grassland plain without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. The prairie (especially the shortgrass prairie) can be considered a steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert.

Steppe are characterized by a continental and semi-arid climate. Peaks can be recorded in the summer of up to 40 °C (104 °F) and in winter -40 °C (-40 °F). Besides this huge difference between summer and winter, the differences between day and night are also very great. In the highlands of Mongolia, 30 °C (86 °F) can be reached during the day with sub-zero °C (sub 32 °F) readings at night.

Also, the mid-latitude steppes can be summarized by hot summers and cold winters, averaging 250–500 mm (10-20 inches) of rain or equivalent in snowfall per year.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Two types of steppe 3 Locations 3.1 Cold steppe 3.2 Subtropical steppe 4 Tropical grasslands and shrublands similar to steppe 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Etymology

Pronounced /ˈstɛp/, from Russian: степь, step, "a flat and arid land"; Ukrainian: степ, step; Mongolian: тал, tal; and Kazakh: дала, dala.

Two types of steppe

Southern Siberian steppe: windbreaker trees in the wintertime.

Two types of steppe can be recorded^[1]:

• the temperate steppe, the "true" steppe, found in continental areas of the world; it can be further subdivided; as seen here.
• the subtropical steppe, a similar association of plants that can be found in the driest areas with a Mediterranean-like climate; it has usually a short wet period.

Peculiar types of steppe include Shrub-steppe and Alpine-steppe.

Locations

Cold Patagonian steppe near Fitz Roy, Argentina

Cold steppe

The world's largest zone of all steppes, often referred to as "the Great Steppe", is found in southwest Russia and neighbouring countries in Central Asia, stretching from Ukraine in the west through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to the Altai, Koppet Dag and Tian Shan ranges. The vast Eurasian Steppe, as it is called, is bordered in the north (on the eastern side of the Urals) by the forested West Siberian Plain taiga, extending nearly as far as the Arctic Ocean.

Central Anatolia in Turkey is a cold steppe.

The Pannonian Plain conforms another steppe climate in South Eastern Europe.

Another large steppe area (prairie) is located in the central United States and western Canada. The High Plains steppe is the westernmost part of the Great Plains region, and the Channeled Scablands in Southern British Columbia and Washington State.

Patagonia is another land dominated by a steppe. Relatively small steppes can be found in the inner part of the South Island of New Zealand, and in Hungary (the Puszta).

Subtropical steppe

In Europe, some Mediterranean areas have a steppe-like vegetation, such as central Sicily and central-eastern Spain, especially the southeastern coast (around Murcia), and places cut off from adequate moisture due to rain shadow effects such as Zaragoza.

In Asia, a subtropical steppe can be found in semi-arid lands that fringe the Thar Desert of the Indian subcontinent; in Australia it can be found in a belt surrounding the most severe deserts of the continent and around the Musgrave Ranges.

In North America this environment is typical of transition areas between zones with a Mediterranean climate and true deserts, such as Reno, Nevada, and the inner part of California. In South America the most important zone with a warm steppe is the Pampa.

Tropical grasslands and shrublands similar to steppe

Other zones dominated by grasslands and shrublands similar to steppe can be found in tropical areas of the world. In these locations, necessary rainfall to separate steppes from true deserts may be half as much again due to greater evapotranspiration. These include transition zones between savanna and severe desert such as the Sahel that fringes the true Sahara.

Another significant "tropical steppe", noteworthy for not grading into desert, is the Sertão of northeastern Brazil.

See also

Shrub-steppe Steppe-tundra Alpine-steppe Coastal plain Coastal prairie Desert

Field (agriculture) Flooded grasslands and savannas Flood-meadow Forest steppe Grassland

Meadow Pasture Plain Prairie Rangeland

Savanna Tundra Water-meadow Wet meadow Veld

Notes

1. ^ Ecological Subregions of the United States

References

• Ecology and Conservation of Steppe-land Birdsby Manuel B.Morales, Santi Mañosa, Jordi Camprodón, Gerard Bota. International Symposium on Ecology and Conservation of steppe-land birds. Lleida, Spain. December 2004.ISBN 84-87334-99-7

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Steppes

• "The Steppes". barramedasoft corporation. 1998-2008. http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/the-steppes.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-04. 

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - steppe

Nederlands (Dutch)
steppe

Français (French)
n. - steppe

Deutsch (German)
n. - Steppe

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (γεωγρ.) στέπα

Italiano (Italian)
steppa

Português (Portuguese)
n. - estepe (m)

Русский (Russian)
степь

Español (Spanish)
n. - estepa

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - stäpp, grässlätt

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
特指西伯利亚一带没有树木的大草原

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 特指西伯利亞一帶沒有樹木的大草原

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 스텝, 대초원지대

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ステップ

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) سهول روسيا‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮ערבה‬

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