stimulant

1. An agent, especially a chemical agent such as caffeine, that temporarily arouses or accelerates physiological or organic activity.
2. A stimulus or an incentive: "An age of political excitement is usually a stimulant to literature" (Will Durant).
3. A food or drink, especially an alcoholic drink, believed to have a stimulating effect.

Serving as or being a stimulus; stimulating.

noun

Something that causes and encourages a given response: encouragement, fillip, impetus, impulse, incentive, inducement, motivation, prod, push, spur, stimulation, stimulator, stimulus. See cause/effect.

Definition: substance which invigorates
Antonyms: depressant, deterrent, sedative

An agent that causes an increase in functional activity, usually of the central nervous system.

For more information on stimulant, visit Britannica.com.

Foods and drinks (and other substances) that stimulate the consumer to enhanced mental alertness, increased or prolonged physical activity, uninhibited conviviality, or fierce fighting are called "stimulants." This definition is intentionally a narrow one. It excludes the great majority of nourishing foods, for example, because a nourishing meal in itself produces, alongside a feeling of well-being, somnolence (sleepiness) rather than alertness and activity. It also excludes substances such as cannabis and opium (both occasionally taken as foods) that depress mental and physical activity: these are sedatives, not stimulants. We must distinguish enhanced mental alertness from hallucination, the tendency to see what isn't there; hallucinogens are, therefore, also excluded. Other exclusions include appetizers, which stimulate the appetite for food, and aphrodisiacs, which (to the extent that such foods really exist) stimulate sexual appetites and energies.

Using foods that have a stimulant effect provides ways of intentionally adjusting the body's metabolism, which carries risks. There is a good reason why a nourishing meal produces sleepiness: after such a meal, the body is occupied with digestion. Postponing or interrupting that activity may produce digestive disturbance. In any case, increased alertness and physical activity will eventually be paid for in greater-than-usual exhaustion, and there may be other undesirable aftereffects. For example, it may be necessary to compensate for the aftereffects of stimulants by using them again. If the desired effect lessens after frequent use, increased quantities might be needed. In this way, regular use turns into dependence and addiction.

It is even more true of stimulants than of foods in general that their use is not independent of its social context, but no simple generalization is possible. Some of the foods discussed here are nearly always taken in company, as part of a social ritual. Some are nearly always taken as part of, or immediately before or after, a meal. Some, however, are customarily taken when one is not in company and not eating a meal; such habits may vary from one culture to another. External observers focusing on individual psychology may see the solitary use of stimulant foods as posing a personal, social, or criminal problem, while social use might be perceived as no problem or as a different kind of problem. Furthermore, observers focusing on social groups will find users of these stimulant foods to be unexpectedly protective, even nationalistic, about the preferred means of preparing them, which may vary widely.

Stimulant foods have been identified, like nearly all other foods and like many thousands of medicinal plants, in the course of very long-term unrecorded experiments: each human community explores its environment, notes animals and plants that may be of use, finds ways to use them, sometimes begins to farm them, and to trade in them. The stimulant effects of these foods were discovered empirically, as were their associated side-effects and dangers. In the last two centuries, chemists and nutrition scientists have identified their active constituents, making possible for the first time a scientific explanation of their effects.

In general, stimulant foods and drinks are either taken in a neutral vehicle, such as hot water, or they are slowly extracted by chewing. Nonfood stimulants are often taken as smoke or snuff. These various methods all ensure gradual absorption with relatively little interference from other foods. Alcoholic drinks are unusual because they are frequently taken without admixture and often contain strong flavorings: however, water is the principal constituent of most alcoholic drinks, and more water is often added.

Most traditional cultures had one, or at the most two, familiar stimulants. Globalization has changed this, producing such effects as the worldwide fashion for coffee; the worldwide marketing of chocolate, instant coffee, and the "cola" drinks; and the complex social interplay between alternative stimulants of almost equal status, neatly symbolized by the ritual question at breakfast in a French hotel, "Café? Thé? Chocolat?" (Coffee? Tea? Hot chocolate?)

Caffeine

Caffeine is among the commonest of stimulants worldwide. It is the chief active constituent in coffee and tea, which are familiar in practically every country, and in maté, guaraná, and cola nut, which are popular in South America and West Africa. It is present in smaller quantities in some other stimulant foods, including chocolate.

Coffee. Coffee consists of the roasted, ground beans of Coffea arabica. Native to Ethiopia, its use spread in late medieval times to Yemen; from there it rapidly became popular around the Mediterranean. Both Arabs and Europeans encouraged its further spread. Details of its use vary. Boiling water is added; commonly sugar is used as a flavoring, and sometimes milk or cream. Often coffee is drunk after meals, but it is also often taken between meals, both by groups as a social drink and by workers as a stimulant. Several substances have been used as coffee substitutes. Most of them had the advantages of being cheap and of tasting somewhat like coffee but the disadvantage of containing little or no caffeine. These substitutes have now been overtaken in popularity by instant coffee, a soluble product manufactured from the beans of Coffea robusta, which does contain caffeine.

Table 1

Tea. Tea is made from the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis, native to southern China. The use of tea was already spreading beyond China in the ninth century; like coffee, it became popular in Europe in the seventeenth century and its use then spread worldwide. Again, like coffee, details of its use vary. Boiling water is usually poured onto the leaves, which are then allowed to steep for a few minutes. The resulting liquid is much lighter in flavor and color than coffee. Some add sugar to it: fewer, notably the British, add milk; some drink it iced. Tea is more often taken between meals than during meals; like coffee, it is used both as a social drink and by workers as a stimulant.

Caffeine beverages in South America. Maté, also called Paraguayan tea, is made by pouring boiling water onto the dried and roasted leaves of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis). Most of the leaves that are used come from wild trees gathered from the forests of southern South America. Maté is traditionally a social drink, made in a gourd or a silver pot and sucked through a shared straw or silver tube. It is drunk while still extremely hot, so added pleasure is provided by watching the reactions of unskillful foreigners who burn their lips and mouths while trying to drink it. It is usually taken without sugar, but sometimes orange zest is added as a flavoring. Maté is the national beverage of Argentina and Paraguay but has never spread beyond the region. The plant is a relative of European holly (Ilex aquifolium), whose leaves have occasionally been used to make a narcotic drink; more importantly, it is related to yaupon or Carolina tea (Ilex vomitoria) and other species that have been used to make stimulating and narcotic drinks by North Americans both before and after European settlement.

Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) is a tropical plant native to Brazil. Its seeds are traditionally roasted, pounded, and made into cakes called "Brazilian chocolate." They have this name not because they can be eaten solid, like modern chocolate bars, but because in pre-Columbian Mexico travelers used to carry similar cakes of powdered cacao for use in making an instant chocolate drink. Like those, cakes of guaraná are traditionally crumbled into water by tired travelers in Brazil, making a stimulating drink particularly rich in caffeine. Guaraná is now also used as a flavoring for soda, candy, and liqueurs.

Caffeine in Africa. The cola nut, a rich source of caffeine, is the usual native stimulant of West and Central Africa. It might rather be called a seed, since eight or ten of them are found in each fruit of the trees Cola nitida and C. acuminata. These seeds are white, pink, or red: the white ones are said to be the best. They are customarily chewed before meals: they have a bitter flavor but, perhaps as a result of this, foods and drinks taken afterwards seem sweet (water, taken after cola, tastes "like white wine and sugar," according to one observer). Apart from this effect as an appetizer, cola nuts have a high reputation among their traditional users, as stimulant, digestive, and aphrodisiac. Alongside caffeine, they contain theobromine (as does chocolate) and kolanin, a heart stimulant. Cola nuts can also be ground into powder and mixed with water as a drink, and cola extract is used to flavor sodas and candies: the names of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola allude to cola nuts, which may well be an ingredient in these products.

Theobromine

Theobromine is the chief active ingredient in cacao beans, the seeds of the tropical tree Theobroma cacao. These beans, fermented, roasted, and ground, are the raw material for chocolate, the traditional stimulant of Mexico, familiar worldwide. In pre-Columbian civilizations, chocolate was used as a drink: the ground cacao was mixed into hot water, which was then poured from a height into the serving cup to produce the much-desired foam. Flavors (chili, vanilla, or others) and color (notably annatto) might be added. Popularized in Europe by the Spanish, chocolate became successively a sugary drink and a milky drink; many other flavorings were tried, including the cinnamon now favored in Mexico. Eventually (in the nineteenth century) chocolate was made into bars to be eaten solid, and in many countries this is now its most familiar form. In the Maya and Aztec civilizations, chocolate was a social drink, taken after dinner, serving as a stimulant (and, according to some, an aphrodisiac). Whole chocolate contains caffeine as well as theobromine, and it is also rich in cocoa butter, making it an extremely nourishing food and, therefore, unlikely to produce aftereffects such as exhaustion.

Nicotine

Tobacco, the fermented leaf of Nicotiana tabacum, is usually smoked; in that form it cannot be classified as a food. It can be chewed, however. In Western cultures, chewed tobacco has been typical of sailors and other manual workers subjected to extreme weather conditions that make smoking difficult. Tobacco's active ingredient, nicotine, a deadly poison in the pure state, acts as a stimulant when slowly absorbed.

In Australia, another plant, Duboisia hopwoodii, has leaves and flowers very rich in nicotine. Aborigines dry and grind the leaves, mix them with the ash of certain other plants, and roll them into balls, called "pituri," for chewing. These are used by solitary workers and travelers as a stimulant to stave off tiredness and hunger; they are also exchanged as a sign of friendship. They are, or were, used by warrior groups in preparation for a battle. There is a definite advantage in chewing ash in pituri (and also with coca and betel nut), because alkalis in the ash detach the active stimulant substance, in this case nicotine, from the plant acids, allowing it to be more rapidly absorbed. The use of ash in this way has developed, apparently independently, in Australia, southeastern Asia, and South America.

Cocaine

Coca is the dried leaf of a plant species native to western South America, Erythroxylum coca, and of a second species, E. novogranatense, which developed under cultivation. Coca leaves were known as a stimulant to the pre-Columbian peoples of the Andean region, and continued to be used by them and their Spanish conquerors. Their use is extremely widespread in South America. As with the nicotine plants, the principal use of coca leaves has been as a stimulant for workers and travelers. The usual way is to take some leaves, mix them with the ash of burnt coca or another wood, roll the mixture into a ball, and chew it. Coca leaves, like chocolate, are really nourishing, a property that tends to reduce the severity of the exhaustion that usually follows the use of stimulants. The active constituent of coca leaves was isolated (and named cocaine) in 1860. When taken in the pure form, cocaine was found to be a useful medicinal drug but also highly addictive. It was among the first stimulants to arouse strong medical and governmental disapproval. In the early twentieth century, many countries made it illegal. The name of Coca-Cola alludes to coca, and the early recipe for the product contained cocaine, like other soft drinks of the period.

Some other species of genus Erythroxylum contain cocaine or similar compounds and are used as stimulants by various South American peoples: E. cataractum by the Cubeo of Colombia; E. fimbriatum and E. macrophyllum by the Bora and Huitoto of Peru.

Other Stimulants

Betel. The commonest traditional stimulant of southern and southeastern Asia is betel. Like pituri and coca, betel is customarily made up as a chewing packet that includes ash. The active ingredient, arecoline, is contained in the areca nut or betel nut (the nut of the palm Areca catechu), which is cut into long narrow pieces and placed inside the packet along with a "lime" made from burnt coral and oyster shells. The packet is formed from a leaf of the betel pepper vine (Piper betle). In traditional households, the betel chews are made up each day from fresh supplies; as with pituri, it is a sign of friendship and hospitality to offer a chew to any visitor. The habitual chewing of betel eventually stains the mouth red and the teeth black. When it is first tried, betel can produce feelings of anxiety, excitement, and vertigo; to those who use it regularly, it is a mild stimulant.

Khat. Coffee, when it was introduced to Yemen from across the Red Sea, was not the country's first stimulant. That position belongs to khat (or qat), the leaf of Catha edulis. Khat is used in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and a large area of East Africa from Ethiopia and Somalia to Mozambique and South Africa. It had not spread outside the region until some Americans acquired the taste for it while they were in Somalia with United Nations troops during the early 1990s. Khat is often taken as a tea, made by pouring boiling water onto the dried or fresh leaves. Fresh leaves can also be chewed; in this form its effect is said to be stronger than coffee but not as strong as alcohol. When chewed, khat is often used socially because it enlivens conversation. The principal active constituent in khat is cathinone, now classified as an illegal drug in the United States; however, cathinone is only present in fresh leaves. The second active constituent, cathine, which is still present in the dried leaves, is an appetite suppressant.

A milder stimulant of the same general type is Mormon tea, the leaf of Ephedra nevadensis. These leaves contain the active ingredient pseudoephedrine, and are made into a tea with boiling water.

Kava. The root of the plant kava-kava, Piper methysticum, is the source of kava, a familiar stimulant used in Hawaii and other Pacific islands. The fresh root is chopped or ground and then soaked and squeezed in water to produce a milky, spicy liquid, which is traditionally served in half coconut shells. Kava is a social drink whose effect is to produce a condition physically resembling drunkenness, though with apparent clarity of mind. The principal active constituents are known as kavalactones.

Kratom. Kratom, a stimulant indigenous to Thailand and little known elsewhere, consists of the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa. These leaves can be smoked or made into a tea. The active constituent is mitragynine, which, like cocaine, is a stimulant at low doses but a narcotic at higher doses.

Alcohol

Alcohol is an atypical stimulant because it is not naturally present in any fresh plant. It is produced from the fermentation by yeast of plant sugars. One starting point is a fruit juice. Grape juice makes wine; apple juice makes (hard) cider; pear juice makes perry. Several other fruits are used in various parts of the world. A second starting point is malted cereal: barley is the commonest choice, and the result is beer. Plant saps can be used if they contain sufficient sugar: liquid cane sugar is so used in India, while pulque, a Mexican alcoholic drink, is made from the sap of the maguey (Agave atrovirens). Finally, honey, mixed with water, can be used, and the result is mead (a beverage that figures importantly in the Old English epic Beowulf ). There are two common adjustments to the process: adding cane or beet sugar to the original juice gives the yeast more raw material to work with, producing more alcohol; distilling the final product achieves much greater concentrations of alcohol, resulting in "hard liquor."

Wine and beer are both ancient inventions, going back to southwestern Asia several thousand years B.C.E. But yeasts are naturally present in the air; therefore, alcoholic drinks might have been invented or discovered many times in human history; certainly, the origin of pulque is independent of those of wine and beer.

Alcoholic drinks have most generally, in traditional societies, been used as social drinks, and they have commonly been used in a ritualistic way as well. Their production is linked with the seasons (in general the required juices are available only when fruit is ripe, and the fermentation process takes time); therefore, by contrast with most other stimulants, the discovery of alcoholic drinks and the annual vintage (especially of wine) tend to be celebrated in major festivals. In many cultures, the ordinary, everyday consumption of alcohol follows precise rules, tending to ensure, for example, that everyone drinks equally. Both in the major festivals and in everyday social drinking, it is commonly the case that drunkenness is aimed at, at least to the extent of the loss of inhibitions, but sometimes going all the way to unconsciousness.

Like kava—and unlike many stimulants—alcohol tends to produce enhanced mental activity accompanied by physical incapacity. In traditional societies, travelers used coca, maté, guaraná, pituri, and other stimulants to keep them going; they would not use alcohol or kava till they had arrived. Likewise, coffee, tea, and some similar stimulants may enhance one's ability to drive safely, for a certain period, while kava and alcohol impair it.

Bibliography

Bibra, Ernst von. Plant Intoxicants. Edited by Jonathan Ott. Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts, 1995. Originally published as Der Narkotsischen Genussmittel und der Mensch. Nürnberg, Germany: Wilhelm Schmid, 1855. The 1995 edition is a major revision and expansion of Baron von Bibra's work, with an up-to-date bibliography that should be the starting point for further study.

Coe, Sophie D., and Michael D. Coe. The True History of Chocolate. London and New York: Thames and Hudson, 1996.

Henman, A. R. "Guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis): Ecological and Social Perspectives on an Economic Plant of the Central Amazon Basin." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6 (1982): 311–338.

Kennedy, J. G. The Flower of Paradise: The Institutionalized Use of the Drug Qat in North Yemen. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1987.

Lebot, Vincent, Mark Merlin, Lamont Lindstrom. Kava: The Pacific Drug. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992. Reprinted as Kava: The Pacific Elixir. Rochester, Vt.: Healing Arts Press, 1997.

Lewin, Louis. Phantastica: Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs, Their Use and Abuse. Translated by P. H. A. Wirth. New York: Dutton, 1964. Originally published as Die Pfeilgifte; nach eigenen toxikologischen und ethnologischen Untersuchungen. Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1923.

Plowman, Timothy. "The Origin, Evolution, and Diffusion of Coca, Erythroxylum spp., in South and Central America." In Pre-Columbian Plant Migration, edited by Doris Stone, pp. 125–163. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1984.

Watson, P. L. The Precious Foliage: A Study of the Aboriginal Psycho-Active Drug Pituri. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: University of Sydney Press, 1983.

—Andrew Dalby

1. producing stimulation.
2. an agent that stimulates.

(DOD) Controlled drugs that make the user feel stronger, more decisive, and self-possessed; includes cocaine and amphetamines.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

Ritalin Slow-Release (SR) 20 mg tablets.

Stimulants, also sometimes called psychostimulants^[1], are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others. Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to as "uppers". Depressants or "downers", which decrease mental and/or physical function, are in stark contrast to stimulants and are considered to be their functional opposites. Stimulants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances of recreational abuse.

Contents 1 Effects 2 Indications 3 Types 3.1 Caffeine 3.2 Nicotine 3.3 Amphetamines 3.4 MDMA ("Ecstasy") 3.5 Cocaine 3.6 NRIs & NDRIs 3.7 Modafinil 3.8 Ampakines 4 Abuse 5 Testing 6 See also 7 External links 8 References

Effects

Stimulants produce a wide variety of different kinds of effects by enhancing the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common effects, which vary depending on the substance in question, may include enhanced alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, increased arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep. Many stimulants are also capable of improving mood and relieving anxiety, and some can even induce feelings of euphoria. It should be noted, however, that many of these drugs are also capable of causing anxiety, even the ones that may paradoxically reduce it to a degree at the same time. Stimulants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, the most prominent of which include facilitation of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and/or dopamine activity (e.g., via monoamine transporter inhibition or reversal^[2]), adenosine receptor antagonism, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism.

Indications

Stimulants are used both individually and clinically for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of a number of indications, including the following:

• To counteract lethargy and fatigue throughout the day while at work or while doing other activities.
• To reduce sleepiness and to keep the person awake when necessary, as well as to treat narcolepsy.
• To decrease appetite and promote weight loss, as well as to treat obesity.
• To improve concentration and focus while at work or school, especially for those with attentional disorders such as ADHD.
• Occasionally, they are also used to treat clinical depression.

Types

Caffeine

Roasted coffee beans, the world's primary source of caffeine.

Main article: Caffeine

Caffeine is a compound that is found naturally in coffee, tea, and to a lesser degree, in cocoa or chocolate. It is included in many soft drinks, particularly energy drinks. Caffeine is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug and by far the most common stimulant. The vast majority (over 80%) of people in the United States consume caffeine on a daily basis. Few jurisdictions restrict its sale and use. Caffeine is also included in some medications, usually for the purpose of enhancing the effect of the primary ingredient, or reducing one of its side effects (especially drowsiness). Pure caffeine tablets are also widely available.

Nicotine

Main article: Nicotine

Nicotine is the active chemical constituent in tobacco, of which is available in many forms, including cigarettes, cigars, and chewing tobacco, among others. Nicotine is used widely throughout the world for its stimulating effects.

Amphetamines

Main article: Amphetamine

Main article: Methamphetamine

A chart comparing the chemical structures of different amphetamine derivatives

Amphetamines are a group of phenylethylamine stimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine. Like NDRIs, amphetamine increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain via reuptake inhibition; however, the more important mechanism by which amphetamines cause stimulation is through the direct release of these catecholamines from storage vesicles in cells. Amphetamines are known to cause elevated mood and euphoria as well as rebound depression and anxiety.^[3]

Amphetamines are sometimes prescribed therapeutically by physicians and their availability makes them prime candidates for misuse [http://www.drugabuse.gov/Testimony/7-26-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD and ADHD). Dextrorotary methamphetamine is occasionally used in the treatment of AD(H)D that does not respond sufficiently to traditional amphetamines. On occasion, major depression is treated with amphetamines as well. Amphetamines can be used as an add-on to antidepressant therapy as well, with some success in certain populations.^{[citation needed]}

MDMA ("Ecstasy")

Manufactured illicit tablets containing MDMA.

Main article: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Main article: Ecstasy (drug)

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), known by its common street name "Ecstasy", is an illicit substance that typically comes in either tablet, capsule, or powder/crystal form. MDMA is said to be a cross between an amphetamine stimulant and a psychedelic hallucinogen. Notably, MDMA is also unique and very popular for its entactogenic properties. The stimulant effects of MDMA include hypertension, anorexia, insomnia (or enhanced wakefulness), improved energy, increased arousal (users are occasionally said to get an uncontrollable urge to dance), and increased perspiration, among others.

Cocaine

Main article: Cocaine

Cocaine is made from the leaves of the coca shrub, which grows in the mountain regions of South American countries such as Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. In Europe, North America, and in some part of asia, the most common form of cocaine is a white crystalline powder. Cocaine is a stimulant but is not normally prescribed therapeutically for its stimulant properties, although it sees clinical use as a local anesthetic, particularly in ophthalmology. Most cocaine use is recreational and its abuse potential is high, and so its sale and possession are strictly controlled in most jurisdictions. Other tropane derivative drugs related to cocaine are also known such as troparil and lometopane but have not been widely sold or used recreationally.^[4]

NRIs & NDRIs

Main article: Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Main article: Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor

These drugs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or dopamine, resulting in increased extracellular levels and therefore enhanced neurotransmission, ultimately producing a stimulant effect. Many of these compounds are used as ADHD medications and antidepressants. The two most well known NDRIs are methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) and bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban), and the two most well known NRIs are atomoxetine (Strattera) and reboxetine (Edronax). Many of these drugs have a considerably lower abuse potential in comparison to other stimulants like the amphetamines and cocaine.

Modafinil

Main article: Modafinil

Modafinil (Provigil/Alertec/Modavigil) is an analeptic drug approved by the (FDA) for the treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Modafinil, like other stimulants, increases the release of monoamines but also elevates hypothalamic histamine levels, leading some researchers to consider Modafinil a "wakefulness promoting agent" rather than a classic amphetamine-like stimulant . Modafinil has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression, cocaine addiction, Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia, shift workers' sleep disorder and disease-related fatigue.

Ampakines

Main article: Ampakine

Recently, there have been improvements in the area of stimulant pharmacology, producing a class of chemicals known as ampakines, or eugeroics, (good arousal). These stimulants tend to increase alertness without the peripheral (body) effects or addiction/tolerance/abuse potential of the traditional stimulants. They have minimal effect on sleep structure, and do not cause rebound hypersomnolence or "come down" effects. Ampakines such as ampalex and CX717 have been developed but are still in clinical trials and have not yet been sold commercially. Another compound with similar effects to these drugs is carphedon, which is sold as a general stimulant in Russia under the brand name Phenotropil.

Abuse

Abuse of central nervous system stimulants is common. Addiction to CNS stimulants can quickly lead to medical, psychiatric and psychosocial deterioration. Drug tolerance, dependence, sensitisation as well as a withdrawal syndrome can occur.^[5]

Testing

The presence of stimulants in the body may be tested by a variety of procedures. Serum and urine are the common sources of testing material although saliva is sometimes used. Commonly used tests include chromatography, immunologic assay and mass spectrometry. ^[6]

See also

Diagram of categories of psychoactive drugs

• Depressants
• Hallucinogens

External links

Look up stimulant or upper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Long Island Council on Alcohol & Drug Dependence - About Drugs - Stimulants
• Online - Publications - Drugs of Abuse - Stimulants
• Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Information Centre (APAIC)

References

1. ^ "Dorlands Medical Dictionary:psychostimulant". http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/seven/000088218.htm. 
2. ^ Riddle EL, Fleckenstein AE, Hanson GR (2005). "Role of monoamine transporters in mediating psychostimulant effects". The AAPS journal 7 (4): E847–51. doi:10.1208/aapsj070481. PMID 16594636. 
3. ^ P Knapp. Amphetamine and addiction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders. 115:406-409, 1952
4. ^ AJ Giannini, WC Price. Contemporary drugs of abise. American Family Physician.33:207-213,1986
5. ^ Dackis CA, Gold MS (1990). "Addictiveness of central stimulants". Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 9 (1-2): 9–26. PMID 1974121. 
6. ^ AJ Giannini. Drug Abuse. Los Angeles, Health Information Press,1999, pp.203-208.

v • d • e Stimulants Adamantanes Adaphenoxate • Adapromine • Amantadine • Bromantane • Chlodantane • Gludantane • Memantine • Midantane Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine • Dieticyclidine • Esketamine • Eticyclidine • Gacyclidine • Ketamine • Phencyclamine • Phencyclidine • Rolicyclidine • Tenocyclidine • Tiletamine • Benzazepines 6-Br-APB • SKF-81297 • SKF-82958 Cholinergics A-84543 • A-366,833 • ABT-202 • ABT-418 • AR-R17779 • Altinicline • Anabasine • Arecoline • Cotinine • Cytisine • Dianicline • Epibatidine • Epiboxidine • GTS-21 • Ispronicline • Nicotine • PHA-543,613 • PNU-120,596 • PNU-282,987 • Pozanicline • Rivanicline • Sazetidine A • SIB-1553A • SSR-180,711 • TC-1698 • TC-1827 • TC-2216 • TC-5619 • Tebanicline • UB-165 • Varenicline Convulsants Anatoxin-a • Bicuculline • DMCM • Flurothyl • Gabazine • Pentetrazol • Picrotoxin • Strychnine • Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil • Armodafinil • Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex • Aminorex • Clominorex • Cyclazodone • Fenozolone • Fluminorex • Pemoline • Thozalinone Phenethylamines 2-Fluoroamphetamine • 2-OH-PEA • 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane • 2-Phenyl-3-methylaminobutane • 2,3-MDA • 3-Fluoroamphetamine • 3-Methoxyamphetamine • 3-Methylamphetamine • 4-BMC • 4-Ethylamphetamine • 4-FA • 4-FMA • 4-MA • 4-MMA • 4-MTA • Alfetamine • α-Ethylphenethylamine • Amfepentorex • Amidephrine • Amphechloral • Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) • Amphetaminil • Arbutamine • Atomoxetine (Tomoxetine) • β-Methylphenethylamine • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • BDB (J) • BOH (Hydroxy-J) • BPAP • Buphedrone • Bupropion (Amfebutamone) • Butylone • Cathine • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Clenbuterol • Clobenzorex • Clortermine • Denopamine • Dibutylone • Diethylcathinone (Diethylpropion, Amfepramone) • Dimethoxyamphetamine • Dimethylamphetamine • Dimethylcathinone (Dimethylpropion, Metamfepramone) • Dobutamine • DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) • Dopamine • Dopexamine • Droxidopa • EBDB (Ethyl-J) • Ephedrine • Epinephrine (Adrenaline) • Epinine (Deoxyepinephrine) • Etafedrine • Ethcathinone (Ethylpropion) • Ethylamphetamine (Etilamfetamine) • Ethylone • Etilefrine • Fenbutrazate • Fencamine • Fencamfamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine) • Fenproporex • Flephedrone • Fludorex • Furfenorex • Gepefrine • HMMA • Hordenine • Ibopamine • Indanorex • IMP • Indanylamphetamine • Isoetarine • Isoprenaline (Isoproterenol) • Lefetamine • Lisdexamfetamine • Lophophine (Homomyristicylamine) • Manifaxine • MBDB (Methyl-J; "Eden") • MDA (Tenamfetamine) • MDBU • MDEA ("Eve") • MDMA ("Ecstasy", "Adam") • MDMPEA (Homarylamine) • MDOH • MDPR • MDPEA (Homopiperonylamine) • Medifoxamine • Mefenorex • Mephedrone • Mephentermine • Metanephrine • Metaraminol • Methamphetamine (Desoxyephedrine, Methedrine; Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) • Methoxamine • Methoxyphenamine • MMA • Methcathinone (Methylpropion) • Methedrone • Methoxyphenamine • Methylone • MMDA • MMDMA • MMMA • Naphthylamphetamine • Nisoxetine • Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) • Norfenefrine • Norfenfluramine • Normetanephrine • Octopamine • Orciprenaline • Ortetamine • Oxaflozane • Oxilofrine • Paredrine (Norpholedrine, Oxamphetamine, Mycadrine) • PBA • PCA • PHA • Pargyline • Phendimetrazine • Phenmetrazine • Phenpentermine • Phenpromethamine • Phentermine • Phenylalanine • Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) • Phenylpropanolamine • Pholedrine • PIA • PMA • PMEA • PMMA • PPAP • Propylamphetamine • Pseudoephedrine • Radafaxine • Ropinirole • Salbutamol (Albuterol; Levosalbutamol) Selegiline (Deprenyl) • Sibutramine • Synephrine (Oxedrine) • Theodrenaline • Tiflorex (Flutiorex) • Tranylcypromine • Tyramine • Tyrosine • Xamoterol • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP • BZP • DBL-583 • GBR-12783 • GBR-12935 • GBR-13069 • GBR-13098 • GBR-13119 • MeOPP • MBZP • Vanoxerine Piperidines 2-Benzylpiperidine • 4-Benzylpiperidine • Desoxypipradrol • Diphemethoxidine • Ethylphenidate • Methylnaphthidate • Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) • Nocaine • Phacetoperane • Pipradrol • SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines α-PPP • α-PBP • α-PVP • MDPPP • MDPBP • MDPV • MPBP • MPHP • MPPP • MOPPP • Naphyrone • Prolintane • Pyrovalerone Tropanes 3α-Bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methoxytropane • 3-CPMT • 3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate • Altropane (IACFT) • Brasofensine • CFT (WIN 35,428) • β-CIT (RTI-55) • Cocaethylene • Cocaine • β-CPPIT • Dichloropane (RTI-111) • Difluoropine • FE-β-CPPIT • FP-β-CPPIT • Ioflupane (FPCIT) • Norcocaine • PIT • PTT • RTI-31 • RTI-32 • RTI-51 • RTI-112 • RTI-113 • RTI-121 (IPCIT) • RTI-126 • RTI-150 • RTI-171 • RTI-177 • RTI-336 • RTI-371 • RTI-386 • Tesofensine • Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) • Tropoxane • WF-23 • WF-33 • WF-60 Xanthines Aminophylline • Caffeine • Dimethazan • Paraxanthine • Theobromine • Theophylline Others 1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-2-aminopropane • 2-Aminoindane • 2-Aminotetralin • 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine • 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole • AL-1095 • Amfonelic acid • Amineptine • Amiphenazole • Atipamezole • Bemegride • Benzydamine • BTQ • BTS 74,398 • Carphedon • Clofenciclan • Cropropamide • Crotetamide • Diclofensine • Dimethocaine • Diphenylprolinol • Efaroxan • Etamivan • Feprosidnine • Gamfexine • Gilutensin • GYKI-52895 • Hexacyclonate • Idazoxan • Indatraline • JNJ-7925476 • ‎ JZ-IV-10 • Lazabemide • Leptacline • LR-5182 • Mazindol • Meclofexonate • Mefexamide • Mesocarb • Nefopam • Nikethamide • Nomifensine • O-2172 • Oxaprotiline • Phthalimidopropiophenone • Propylhexedrine • PRC200-SS • Rasagiline • Rauwolscine • Tametraline • Tandamine • U-23807A • UH-232 • Yohimbine • See also Sympathomimetic amines

v • d • e Psychoanaleptics: psychostimulants, agents used for ADHD and nootropics (N06B) Centrally acting sympathomimetics Amphetamine • Amphetaminil • Atomoxetine • Dextroamphetamine • Dextromethamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fenozolone • Fenethylline • Lisdexamfetamine • Methylphenidate • Mesocarb • Pemoline • Pipradrol • Prolintane Xanthine derivatives Caffeine • Propentofylline • Fenethylline Glutamate receptor Racetams Aniracetam • Nefiracetam • Oxiracetam • Phenylpiracetam • Piracetam • Pramiracetam Ampakines CX-516 • CX-546 • CX-614 • CX-691 • CX-717 • IDRA-21 • LY-404,187 • LY-503,430 • PEPA • Sunifiram • Unifiram Eugeroics / Benzhydryl compounds Adrafinil • Armodafinil • Modafinil Histamine H3 receptor antagonists A-349,821 • ABT-239 • Ciproxifan • GSK-189,254 GABAA α5 inverse agonists α5IA • L-655,708 • PWZ-029 • Suritozole • TB-21007 • ZK-93426 Dopamine D1 receptor agonists A-77636 • Dihydrexidine • Dinapsoline • Doxanthrine • SKF-81297 • 6-Br-APB α7 nicotinic agonists / PAMs AR-R17779 • PNU-282,987 • SSR-180,711 Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors S-17092 Other psychostimulants and nootropics Acetylcarnitine • Adafenoxate • Bifemelane • Carbenoxolone • Citicoline • Cyprodenate • Ensaculin • Idebenone • Ispronicline • Deanol • Dimebon • Fipexide • Leteprinim • Linopirdine • Meclofenoxate • Nizofenone • Pirisudanol • Pyritinol • Sulbutiamine • Taltirelin • Tricyanoaminopropene • Vinpocetine

v • d • e Antiobesity Agents / Anorectics (A08) Central Stimulants 4-Methylamphetamine • Amfepentorex • Aminorex • Amphetamine • Amphetaminil • Atomoxetine • Benfluorex • Benzphetamine • Bupropion • Cathine • Cathinone • Chlorphentermine • Clobenzorex • Clominorex • Clortermine • Dexfenfluramine • Dextroamphetamine • Dextromethamphetamine • Dexmethylphenidate • Diethylcathinone • Dimethylcathinone • Diphemethoxidine • Ephedrine • Ephedra • Ethylamphetamine • Fencamfamine • Fenethylline • Fenfluramine • Fenproporex • Fludorex • Fluminorex • Furfenorex • Indanorex • Khat • Lisdexamfetamine • Manifaxine • Mazindol • Mefenorex • Methamphetamine • Methylphenidate • Pemoline • Phendimetrazine • Phenethylamine • Phenmetrazine • Phenpentermine • Phentermine • Phenylpropanolamine • Pipradrol • Prolintane • Pseudoephedrine • Pyrovalerone • Radafaxine • Reboxetine • Sibutramine • Synephrine • Tesofensine • Viloxazine • Xylopropamine • Zylofuramine Cannabinoids Ibipinabant • Otenabant • Rimonabant • Surinabant • Taranabant Others 5-HTP • Galactomannan (Guar Gum) • Glucomannan • L-DOPA • L-Phenylalanine • L-Tryptophan • L-Tyrosine • Lorcaserin • Lu AA-33810 • Metformin • Naltrexone • Naloxone • Oxyntomodulin • P57 • Peptide YY • Topiramate • Yohimbine (Yohimbe) • Zonisamide Peripheral Cetilistat • Dinitrophenol • Oleoyl-Estrone • Orlistat • Simmondsin • Sterculia

v • d • e Psychoanaleptics: Antidepressants (N06A) RI SSRIs Alaproclate • Citalopram • Dapoxetine • Desmethylcitalopram • Desmethylsertraline • Escitalopram • Femoxetine • Fluoxetine# • Fluvoxamine • Indalpine • Litoxetine • Lubazodone • Norfluoxetine • Paroxetine • Sertraline • Vilazodone • Viqualine • Zimelidine‡ SNRIs Bicifadine† • Clovoxamine • Desvenlafaxine • Duloxetine • Milnacipran • Sibutramine • Tramadol • Venlafaxine NRIs Atomoxetine / Tomoxetine • Binedaline • Ciclazindol • Mazindol • Nisoxetine • Reboxetine • Tandamine • Tapentadol • Viloxazine NDRIs Amineptine‡ • Bupropion / Amfebutamone • Manifaxine • Methylphenidate • Nomifensine‡ • Radafaxine DRIs Medifoxamine‡ • Vanoxerine§ SNDRIs Brasofensine§ • BTS-74,398 • Cocaine • Diclofensine§ • DOV-102,677 • DOV-21,947 • DOV-216,303 • JNJ-7,925,476 • NS-2359 • PRC200-SS • SEP-225,289 • SEP-227,162 • Tesofensine† SSREs Tianeptine NDRAs Amphetamine • Befuraline • Lisdexamfetamine • Methamphetamine • Oxaflozane • Phenethylamine • Piberaline TCAs Amitriptyline# • Butriptyline • Cianopramine • Clomipramine • Desipramine • Dibenzepin • Dosulepin / Dothiepin • Doxepin • Imipramine • Iprindole • Lofepramine • Melitracen • Nitroxazepine • Nortriptyline • Opipramol • Protriptyline • Trimipramine TeCAs Amoxapine • Maprotiline • Mianserin • Mirtazapine • Oxaprotiline / Levoprotiline • Setiptiline / Teciptiline MAOIs Nonselective: Iproclozide • Iproniazid • Isocarboxazid • Nialamide • Phenelzine • Pheniprazine • Tranylcypromine MAO-A Selective: Befloxatone • Brofaromine • Cimoxatone • Clorgiline • Harmala Alkaloids • Minaprine • Moclobemide • Pirlindole • Toloxatone • Tyrima MAO-B Selective: Lazabemide • Pargyline • Rasagiline • Selegiline / Deprenyl Direct Receptor Ligands 5-HT1A Receptor Agonists: Alnespirone • Binospirone • Buspirone • Flesinoxan • Flibanserin • Gepirone • Ipsapirone • PRX-00023 • Tandospirone • Zalospirone 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Agomelatine • Etoperidone • Nefazodone • Trazodone CRH-1 Receptor Antagonists: Antalarmin • CP-154,526 • Pexacerfont D2-Like Autoreceptor Antagonists: Amisulpride • Sulpiride D2-Like Receptor Agonists: Piribedil • Pramipexole • Ropinirole • Rotigotine NMDA Receptor Antagonists: Ketamine #WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. CLINICAL TRIALS: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

v • d • e Psycholeptics: Anxiolytics (N05B) GABAA PAMs Benzodiazepine Adinazolam • Alprazolam • Bretazenil • Bromazepam • Camazepam • Chlordiazepoxide • Clobazam • Clonazepam • Clorazepate • Clotiazepam • Cloxazolam • Diazepam • Ethyl Loflazepate • Etizolam • Fludiazepam • Halazepam • Imidazenil • Ketazolam • Lorazepam • Medazepam • Nordazepam • Oxazepam • Pinazepam • Prazepam • Tofisopam Carbamates Emylcamate • Mebutamate • Meprobamate (Carisoprodol, Tybamate) • Phenprobamate • Procymate Nonbenzodiazepines Abecarnil • Adipiplon • Alpidem • CGS-9896 • CGS-20625 • Divaplon • ELB-139 • Etifoxine • GBLD-345 • Gedocarnil • ICI-190,622 • L-838,417 • NS-2664 • NS-2710 • Ocinaplon • Pagoclone • Panadiplon • Pipequaline • RWJ-51204 • SB-205,384 • SL-651,498 • TP-003 • TP-13 • TPA-023 • Tracazolate • Y-23684 • ZK-93423 Others Chlormezanone • Etazolate • Ethanol (Alcohol) • Kavalactones (Kava Kava) • Skullcap • Valerenic Acid (Valerian) 5-HT1A Agonists Azapirones: Buspirone • Gepirone • Tandospirone; Others: Flesinoxan • PRX-00023 H1 Antagonists Diphenylmethanes: Captodiame • Hydroxyzine; Others: Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine • Pheniramine CRF1 Antagonists Antalarmin • CP-154,526 • Pexacerfont NK2 Antagonists GR-159,897 • Saredutant MCH1 antagonists ATC-0175 • SNAP-94847 mGluR2/3 Agonists Eglumegad mGluR5 NAMs Fenobam TSPO agonists DAA-1097 • DAA-1106 • Emapunil • FGIN-127 • FGIN-143 Others Benzoctamine • Carbetocin • Demoxytocin • Mephenoxalone • Oxytocin • Promoxolane • Trimetozine • WAY-267,464

v • d • e Pharmacology: Major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract/metabolism (A) stomach acid (Antacids, H2 antagonists, Proton pump inhibitors) • Antiemetics • Laxatives • Antidiarrhoeals/Antipropulsives • Anti-obesity drugs • Anti-diabetics • Vitamins • Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs (B) Antithrombotics (Antiplatelets, Anticoagulants, Thrombolytics/fibrinolytics) • Antihemorrhagics (Platelets, Coagulants, Antifibrinolytics) Cardiovascular system (C) cardiac therapy/antianginals (Cardiac glycosides, Antiarrhythmics, Cardiac stimulants) Antihypertensives • Diuretics • Vasodilators • Beta blockers • Calcium channel blockers • renin-angiotensin system (ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Renin inhibitors) Antihyperlipidemics (Statins, Fibrates, Bile acid sequestrants) Skin (D) Emollients • Cicatrizants • Antipruritics • Antipsoriatics • Medicated dressings Reproductive system (G) Hormonal contraception • Fertility agents • SERMs • Sex hormones Endocrine system (H) Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones • Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids) • Sex hormones • Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations (J, P, QI) Antibiotics (Antimycobacterials) • Antifungals • Antivirals • Antiparasitics (Antiprotozoals, Anthelmintics) • Ectoparasiticides • Intravenous immunoglobulin • Vaccines Malignant disease (L01-L02) Anticancer agents (Antimetabolites, Alkylating, Spindle poisons, Antineoplastic, Topoisomerase inhibitors) Immune disease (L03-L04) Immunomodulators (Immunostimulants, Immunosuppressants) Muscles, bones, and joints (M) Anabolic steroids • Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) • Antirheumatics • Corticosteroids • Muscle relaxants • Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system (N) Anesthetics (General, Local) • Analgesics • Antimigraines • Anticonvulsants/Mood stabilizers (Lithium pharmacology) • Antiparkinson drugs Psycholeptics (Anxiolytics, Antipsychotics, Hypnotics/Sedatives) • Psychoanaleptics (Antidepressants, Stimulants) Respiratory system (R) Decongestants • Bronchodilators • Cough medicines • H1 antagonists Sensory organs (S) Ophthalmologicals • Otologicals Other ATC (V) Antidotes • Contrast media • Radiopharmaceuticals • Dressings

v • d • e Recreational drug use Major Recreational Drugs Cannabinoids THC (Cannabis) (Hashish) (Hash oil) Depressants Barbiturates · Benzodiazepines · Ethanol (Alcohol) · GHB · Nonbenzodiazepines Entactogens MDMA (Ecstasy) Hallucinogens Psychedelics DMT (Ayahuasca) · LSD · Mescaline (Peyote, San Pedro) · Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) Dissociatives DXM · Inhalants · Ketamine · Nitrous Oxide · PCP · Salvinorin A (Salvia) Deliriants Datura · Deadly Nightshade · Henbane · Mandrake Opioids Codeine · Heroin · Hydrocodone · Morphine (Opium) · Oxycodone Stimulants Amphetamine · Arecoline (Areca) · Betel · Caffeine (Coffee, Tea) · Cathinone (Khat) · Cocaine (Coca) · Ephedrine (Ephedra) · Methamphetamine · Methylphenidate · Nicotine (Tobacco) · Theobromine (Cocoa) Culture and Related Topics Cannabis 420 · Stoner Film · Spiritual Use of Cannabis · Medical Cannabis · Cannabis Cultivation · Cannabis smoking Psychedelic Art · Drug · Experience · Literature · Music Other Counterculture of the 1960s · Club Drug · Dance Party · Drug Tourism · Drug Paraphernalia · Hippie · Party and Play · Poly Drug Use · Rave · Sex and Drugs Spiritual use of drugs Problems With Drug Use Abuse · Addiction (Prevention · Rehabilitation · Responsible Use) · Illegal Trade · Overdose Legality of Drug Use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs · 1971 Psychotropic Substances · 1988 Drug Trafficking State Level Drug Policy (Prohibition · Decriminalization) · Policy Reform (Liberization · Harm Reduction · Demand Reduction) Other Drug Possession · Drug Test · Hard and Soft Drugs · Narc · War on Drugs Lists of Countries By... Alcohol Consumed · Cannabis Legality (Annual Use · Lifetime Use) · Cocaine Use · Opiate Use · Tobacco Smoked

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
n. - stimulans, opstrammer, pirringsmiddel
adj. - stimulerende, pirrende

Nederlands (Dutch)
impuls, stimulerend middel, genotmiddel

Français (French)
n. - stimulant, impulsion
adj. - stimulant

Deutsch (German)
n. - Anregungsmittel, Stimulans
adj. - stimulierend

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - διεγερτικό, τονωτικό, κίνητρο, ερέθισμα
adj. - διεγερτικός, τονωτικός, ερεθιστικός

Italiano (Italian)
stimolo, stimolante

Português (Portuguese)
n. - estimulante (m)
adj. - estimulador

Русский (Russian)
возбуждающее средство, стимулятор, стимул, побуждающий мотив, алкогольный напиток, возбуждающий, стимулирующий

Español (Spanish)
n. - estimulante, bebida alcohólica
adj. - estimulante

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - stimulans, njutningsmedel
adj. - stimulerande, uppiggande

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
兴奋剂, 酒, 兴奋饮料, 刺激物, 激励物, 兴奋性的, 鼓舞的, 激励的

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 興奮劑, 酒, 興奮飲料, 刺激物, 激勵物
adj. - 興奮性的, 鼓舞的, 激勵的

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 흥분제 음료, 자극제, 격려
adj. - 흥분성의, 자극성의, 격려하는

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 興奮剤, 興奮性飲食物, 刺激
adj. - 刺激性の, 激励の, 刺激する

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) منبه, شراب منعش (صفه) حافز, حاث‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮סם פעילות, משקה מגרה, תמריץ, משקה חריף‬
adj. - ‮מעורר, מדרבן‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.