Dictionary:

streptomycin

  (strĕp'tə-mī'sĭn)

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An antibiotic, C₂₁H₃₉O₁₂N₇, produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus, used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections.

[STREPTOMYC(ES) + –IN.]

An antimicrobial drug often used to treat infections caused by gramnegative bacteria (such as tuberculosis). Though no human studies have been conducted, streptomycin administered during pregnancy or breastfeeding may cause damage to the ear of the fetus or infant.

Chemical formula:

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• Supositorios de acetaminofeno

Acetaminophen suppositories

What are acetaminophen suppositories?

ACETAMINOPHEN (Tylenol®, Feverall®) is used to relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce fever. It is the preferred treatment for patients with aspirin allergy, ulcers, or clotting (bleeding) disorders. Patients who are taking medicines to treat gout can safely take acetaminophen. There are many generic variations available for adults and children. Generic acetaminophen suppositories are available.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
• anemia
• drink more than 3 alcohol-containing drinks per day
• infection
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• hepatitis
• phenylketonuria
• an unusual or allergic reaction to acetaminophen, aspirin, other medicines, foods, dyes or preservatives

How should I use this medicine?

Acetaminophen suppositories are put in the rectum (back passage). Wash your hands. Take off the foil wrapping. Wet the tip of the suppository with water to make it easier to use. Lie on your side and raise your knee to your chest. Using your finger, gently push the suppository into the rectum. Hold it in place for a few minutes. Wash your hands. Follow the directions on the label. Do not use more often than directed, or exceed the recommended dose.

Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed. Do not administer adult acetaminophen preparations to children.

What if I miss a dose?

What drug(s) may interact with acetaminophen?

• alcohol
• medicines for seizures
• antacids
• cimetidine
• medicines for mental problems and psychotic disturbances
• warfarin

Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines you are taking, including non-prescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.

What should I watch for while taking acetaminophen?

Do not treat yourself for pain for more than 10 days (5 days for children) without checking with your prescriber or health care professional. If you are treating a fever, check with your prescriber or health care professional if the fever lasts for more than 3 days.

Report any possible overdose promptly to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible. The effects of excessive doses may not be obvious for several days.

Avoid alcoholic drinks if you are taking acetaminophen on a regular basis. Alcohol can increase possible damage to your liver.

Many non-prescription medicines contain acetaminophen as an ingredient. Always read the labels carefully to avoid taking an accidental overdose, which can be dangerous.

Acetaminophen can affect the results from some blood-sugar tests used by diabetic patients. Check with your prescriber or health care professional before you change your diet or the dose of your diabetic medicine.

If you are receiving cancer chemotherapy or other immunosuppression medicine, do not take acetaminophen with out checking with your prescriber or health care professional. Acetaminophen may hide the signs of an infection such as fever or pain.

What side effects may I notice from using acetaminophen?

If you take acetaminophen as recommended, serious side effects are uncommon.
Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible:
• skin rash or hives
• unusual bleeding or bruising, pinpoint red spots on the skin
• difficulty breathing, wheezing
• bloody or black, tarry stools
• decrease in amount of urine passed
• not willing to eat
• fever or sore throat
• nausea, vomiting
• stomach cramps and pain
• unusual tiredness or weakness
• yellowing of the skin or eyes

Where can I keep my medicine?

Keep out of reach of children in a container that small children cannot open. Acetaminophen can be dangerous to children. Avoid accidental overdose of acetaminophen as this may result in severe effects and possibly death.

Store at room temperature between 15—30 degrees C (59—86 degrees F). Protect from moisture and light. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

Last updated: 7/1/2002

Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.

For more information on streptomycin, visit Britannica.com.

One of the oldest of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Because of its widespread use many previously susceptible gram-negative bacteria have developed a resistance to it and it has lost a great deal of its effectiveness and popularity. It is most effective against leptospira and haemophilus-associated infections. Like all other members of the group, streptomycin is absorbed poorly from the alimentary tract and must be given parenterally, usually by intramuscular injection for systemic effect. The group has moderate toxicity but this is of minor importance in food animals. Even in companion animals the risk is small but deafness and vestibular disturbances can occur, particularly in cats. Dihydrostreptomycin is a derivative and is used as an alternative to the parent antibiotic.

Tutor's tip: This word was used in the 2006 Scripps National Spelling Bee finals.

Streptomycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-(2,4-diguanidino- 3,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohexoxy)- 4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) -3-methylamino-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] oxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl -tetrahydrofuran-3-carbaldehyde
Identifiers
CAS number	57-92-1
ATC code	A07AA04 J01GA01
PubChem	5999
DrugBank	APRD00412
Chemical data
Formula	C21H39N7O12
Mol. mass	581.574 g/mol
Physical data
Melt. point	12 °C (54 °F)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Metabolism	?
Half life	?
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status
Routes	?

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin stops bacterial growth by damaging cell membranes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 16S rRNA of the bacterial ribosome, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. This prevents initiation of protein synthesis. Humans have structurally different ribosomes from bacteria, thereby allowing the selectivity of this antibiotic for bacteria. Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by regular intramuscular injection. An adverse effect of this medicine is ototoxicity. It can result in permanent hearing loss.

History

It was first isolated on October 19 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student, in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University. Waksman and his laboratory discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, streptomycin, grisein, neomycin, fradicin, candicidin and candidin. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin found extensive application in the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic that could be used to cure the disease tuberculosis; early production of the drug was dominated by Merck & Co. under George W. Merck.

The first randomized controlled trial to be completed and, therefore, the first to be published, it was run by England's Medical Research Council and pitted streptomycin and bed rest against bed rest alone, which was then the standard TB therapy. It accrued its first patients in January 1947.

Uses

Treatment of disease

• Tuberculosis in combination with other anti-TB drugs. It is not the first line treatment.
• Yersinia pestis known popularly by one of its variants, the Bubonic Plague, has been treated using this, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline.
• Infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus when the organism is not sensitive to Gentamicin

• In veterinary medicine, streptomycin is the first line antibiotic for use against gram negative bacteria in large animals (horses, cattle, sheep etc.). It is commonly combined with procaine penicillin for intramuscular injection.

Bacterial selection experiments

When grown on medium containing streptomycin, bacteria such as Escherichia coli are dependent upon expression of the aadA gene in order to survive (Joung et al., 2000). Thus, a suitably engineered E. coli strain, can be combined with a streptomycin-doped medium to select only bacteria hosting a successful interaction in two-hybrid screening experiments and methods derivative of two-hybrid screening (Hurt et al., 2003; Joung et al., 2000)

Pesticide

Streptomycin is also used as a pesticide, to combat the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae. Streptomycin controls bacterial and fungal diseases of certain fruit, vegetables, seed, and ornamental crops, and controls algae in ornamental ponds and aquaria. A major use is in the control of fireblight on apple and pear trees. As in medical applications, extensive use can be associated with the development of resistant strains.

See also

• Neomycin
• Philip D'Arcy Hart

References

• Hurt, J. A., S. A. Thibodeau, A. S. Hirsh, C. O. Pabo and J. K. Joung (2003). "Highly specific zinc finger proteins obtained by directed domain shuffling and cell-based selection." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(21): 12271-6.
• Joung, J. K., E. I. Ramm and C. O. Pabo (2000). "A bacterial two-hybrid selection system for studying protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(13): 7382-7.
• Kingston, William (2004). Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the Balance of Credit for Discovery. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59 (3), 441-462.
• Mistiaen, Veronique. Time, and the great healer. The Guardian, Saturday 2 November 2002. The history behind the discovery of streptomycin.
• Lawrence, Peter A. (2002). The misallocation of credit is endemic in science. Nature 415 (6874), 835-836.
• EPA R.E.D. Facts sheet on use of streptomycin as a pesticide.

Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory/anti-infective agents (A07)
Intestinal anti-infectives	Antibiotics (Neomycin, Nystatin, Natamycin, Streptomycin, Polymyxin B, Paromomycin, Amphotericin B, Kanamycin, Vancomycin, Colistin, Rifaximin) - Sulfonamides (Phthalylsulfathiazole, Sulfaguanidine, Succinylsulfathiazole) - other (Miconazole, Broxyquinoline, Acetarsol, Nifuroxazide, Nifurzide)
Intestinal adsorbents	Charcoal - Bismuth - Pectin - Kaolin - Crospovidone - Attapulgite - Diosmectite
Antipropulsives	Diphenoxylate - Opium - Loperamide - Difenoxin - Loperamide oxide
Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents	corticosteroids acting locally (Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Betamethasone, Tixocortol, Budesonide, Beclometasone) - antiallergic agents, excluding corticosteroids (Cromoglicic acid) - aminosalicylic acid and similar agents (Sulfasalazine, Mesalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide)
Antidiarrheal micro-organisms	Saccharomyces boulardii
Other antidiarrheals	Albumin tannate - Ceratonia - Racecadotril

Antibacterials for systemic use: aminoglycosides (J01G)
-mycin (Streptomyces)	Kanamycin • Neomycin • Streptomycin • Tobramycin • Paromomycin • Hygromycin B • Spectinomycin
-micin (Micromonospora)	Gentamicin • Netilmicin
Other	Amikacin

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