sublimation

1. The act or process of sublimating.
2. Something that has been sublimated.

The process by which solids are transformed directly to the vapor state without passing through the liquid phase. Sublimation is of considerable importance in the purification of certain substances such as iodine, naphthalene, and sulfur.

Sublimation is a universal phenomenon exhibited by all solids at temperatures below their triple points. For example, it is a common experience to observe the disappearance of snow from the ground even though the temperature is below the freezing point and liquid water is never present. The rate of disappearance is low, of course, because the vapor pressure of ice is low below its triple point. Sublimation is a scientifically and technically useful phenomenon, therefore, only when the vapor pressure of the solid phase is high enough for the rate of vaporization to be rapid. See also Phase equilibrium; Triple point; Vapor pressure.

A direct change of state from a solid to a gas omitting the liquid stage, or of a gas directly to a solid, as in the formation of ice from water vapour. The latter is common when cirrus clouds, formed of ice crystals, grow directly from water vapour by crystallization. Through this process latent heat of sublimation is released.

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The repression of a ‘lower’ feeling and substitution of a ‘higher’ one, as when sexual desire is substituted by Platonic love.

A mechanism of ego defence by which energy of the id is directed from a primary, but unacceptable object to one that is socially acceptable. The term was originally conceived by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) to describe behavioural mechanisms that channel sexual energies into more socially beneficial forms. In sport, sublimation may consist of directing energies to training hard and achieving excellence or seeking perfection in competition.

Sublimation is a process that diverts the flow of instinctual energy from its immediate sexual aim and subordinates it to cultural endeavors.

The idea of sublimation leads back at once to the alchemical metaphor of the transmutation of base metal into gold, and to aesthetics, which from the ancient world (Longinus) to Romanticism (Goethe) saw the sublime as the transcendence of the individual's limitations. The concept evolved in Freud's work from the idea of the ennoblement or embellishment of a fantasy (Draft L [1950a (1895)]) to that of a genuine intra-instinctual process, the transformation of object libido into ego libido before it could assume new aims (1923b).

The unresolved complexity of the notion of sublimation means, however, that the term designates a set of questions rather than a well-circumscribed concept (Laplanche, 1980).

Sublimation would appear to be a very special vicissitude of the instinct, for its diversion of libidinal energy harnesses instinctual impulses in a way congenial to the superego and its society. Retransformation is possible, however, and therein the original instinctual force may regain the upper hand (resexualization of sublimated homosexual impulses (1911c [1910])). Desexualization alone cannot define the process of sublimation, which is not to be confused with inhibition or reaction formations, even if it plays a fundamental role because of its ability to exchange an originally sexual aim for another, which is its "psychical parent" (1908d).

As for the effect of sublimation on the object it valorizes in the eyes of society, Freud took great care to discourage any risk of confusion between sublimation and idealization, the latter implying an overestimation of the supposedly "sublime" object (1914c).

The development of the ability to sublimate ("Fähigkeit zur Sublimierung") was related for Freud both to the individual's constitutional disposition (the initial strength of the sexual instinct) and to the events of childhood (the link between trauma and the intensity of infantile curiosity; cf., the case of Leonardo da Vinci being a good example). Sublimation occurred at the expense of the polymorphously perverse drives of childhood (especially bisexuality), which were diverted and applied to other aims, as witness the sublimation of anal eroticism into an interest in money, or the link between urethral eroticism and ambition. This process contributed to the formation of character traits. The component instincts were of particular significance here: the instinct to see could be sublimated into artistic contemplation and into the instinct to know (1910c), while sublimated aggression could manifest itself as creative and innovative activity.

But Freud always emphasized the risks associated with sublimation of the instincts when it takes place at the expense of the sexual and deprives the subject of immediate satisfaction. Although sublimation appears as the guarantor of the social bond and promoter of culture, it is, nonetheless, a dangerous demand, a "ruse of civilization" (Mellor-Picaut, 1979) when it presents individual sublimations as ideal models. For Freud, sublimation is not the core of an axiological approach to psychoanalysis, and the introduction of narcissism represented an important turning point in his theory. Sublimation took place "through the mediation of the ego, which begins by changing sexual object-libido into narcissistic libido, and then perhaps goes on to give it a different aim" (1923b, p. 30). Sublimation no longer occurs at the expense of the object-libido but offers the narcissistic libido a needed extension. However, it does not protect the individual, who is left at the mercy of the death instinct.

Freud was against making sublimation a privileged goal of the treatment, one that could even be advocated by the analyst (1915a [1914]). In this, he disagreed with Carl G. Jung (1914d), as well as Lou Andreas-Salomé, whom he had also accused of "blab-bering about the ideal" in his letters to Jung (January 10, 1912), James J. Putnam (May 4, 1911), and Oskar Pfister (October 9, 1918). In all these cases he was struggling against the temptation of an anagogic approach to psychoanalysis. It may be assumed that this threat of having such a complex concept corrupted contributed to the fact that it has never been thoroughly developed. One thinks in particular of an unpublished draft on sublimation written for Freud's projected book on metapsychology.

The concept of sublimation has been discussed by many of Freud's followers, though without any significant contributions being made to metapsychology. In later years Melanie Klein became one of the most important commentators on sublimation, primarily in connection with epistemophilia. In France, Daniel Lagache (1962) and Jean Laplanche (1980) have both written essays on sublimation.

Sublimation, which is often mentioned in the literature, by emphasizing the desexualization of goals and the social valorization of the object, remains both an essential concept and an unresolved question for psychoanalysis.

Bibliography

Freud. Sigmund. (1908d). "Civilized" sexual morality and modern nervous illness. SE, 9: 177-204.

——. (1910c). Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. SE, 11: 57-137.

——. (1915a [1914]). Observations on transference love. (Further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis III). SE, 12: 157-171.

——. (1914d). On the history of the psycho-analytic movement. SE, 14: 1-66.

——. (1930a [1929]). Civilization and its discontents. SE, 21: 57-145.

——. (1923b). The ego and the id. SE, 19: 1-66.

Lagache, Daniel. (1984). La sublimation et les valeurs. In Oeuvres completes 5. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. (Original work published 1962)

Laplanche, Jean. (1980). Problématiques III, la sublimation. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Mellor-Picaut, Sophie. (1979). La sublimation ruse de la civilisation. Psychanalyseà l'Université, 4.

Further Reading

Arlow, Jacob, rep. (1955). Panel: Sublimation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 3, 515-527.

Kris, Ernst. (1955). Neutralization and sublimation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 10, 30-46.

Loewald, Hans W. (1988). Sublimation: Inquiries into theoretical psychoanalysis. New Haven: Yale University Press.

—SOPHIEDE MIJOLLA-MELLOR

In Freudian psychology, a defense mechanism by which the individual satisfies a socially prohibited instinctive drive (usually sexual or aggressive) through the substitution of socially acceptable behavior. For example, someone with strong sexual drives who paints nude portraits may be engaging in sublimation.

In chemistry, the direct conversion of a solid into a gas, without passage through a liquid stage. (See phases of matter.)

— Derek Russell Davis

The conversion of a solid directly into the gaseous state.

Phase transformation from solid to gas.

Look up sublimation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Sublimation can have several meanings:

• Sublimation (chemistry), the change from solid to gas, while at no point becoming a liquid.
• Sublimation (psychology), the transformation of emotions.
• Dye sublimation, the transference of printed images to a synthetic substrate by the application of heat.
• Sublation, the purification or exaltation of matter by its negation or redirection.
• in Iain M. Banks' science fiction novels, the process of a civilization becoming one of the Sublimed.

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