A synchronous polar orbit satallite crosses the equator at the same time each day while the sun synchronous polar satellite appears in the sky at the same time every few days. the sun synchronous allow for greater temporal and spatial monitoring under same conditions and also have finer resolution as the polar synchronous imagery is at the continental scale.

GEOSTATIONARY=GEO+STATIONARY MEANS EARTH+FIXED POINT thus geostationary orbit is orbit around the earth is in the same plane as that defined by the earths equator at an altitude of 22,236 miles (35,786 km eg say satellite such that it appears to be stationary to the orbit of the earth above the equator all day long.

where as sun synchronous orbit occurs from north to south pole as the earth rotates

In simple terms, any body in space (e.g. an asteroid or satellite) is said to be synchronous when its own movement (i.e. orbit) corresponds to that of another. In other words, a "geo"synchronous satellite would be in orbit around earth, while Jupiter (and the other 7/8 planets) are heliosynchronous (orbiting the sun).

The Sun created a significant tidal bulge on Mercury when it was still a young, molten planet; when the planet solidified, this bulge was locked in place. Mercury is so close to the Sun that the Sun's gravitational force on Mercury's tidal bulges changed the planet's rotation rate. However, Mercury's highly eccentric orbit has prevented the planet from getting locked into synchronous rotation.

The sun doesn't orbit the earth, and it takes one year for the earth to orbit the sun.