Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email
Answers.com

Sun Yat-sen

 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:

Sun Yat-sen

Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Sun Yat-sen
(click to enlarge)
Sun Yat-sen (credit: Brown Brothers)
(born Nov. 12, 1866, Xiangshan, Guangdong province, China — died March 12, 1925, Beijing) Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party, known as the father of modern China. Educated in Hawaii and Hong Kong, Sun embarked on a medical career in 1892, but, troubled by the conservative Qing dynasty's inability to keep China from suffering repeated humiliations at the hands of more advanced countries, he forsook medicine two years later for politics. A letter to Li Hongzhang in which Sun detailed ways that China could gain strength made no headway, and he went abroad to try organizing expatriate Chinese. He spent time in Hawaii, England, Canada, and Japan and in 1905 became head of a revolutionary coalition, the Tongmenghui ("Alliance Society"). The revolts he helped plot during this period failed, but in 1911 a rebellion in Wuhan unexpectedly succeeded in overthrowing the provincial government. Other provincial secessions followed, and Sun returned to be elected provisional president of a new government. The emperor abdicated in 1912, and Sun turned over the government to Yuan Shikai. The two men split in 1913, and Sun became head of a separatist regime in the south. In 1924, aided by Soviet advisers, he reorganized his Nationalist Party, admitted three communists to its central executive committee, and approved the establishment of a military academy, to be headed by Chiang Kai-shek. He also delivered lectures on his doctrine, the Three Principles of the People (nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood), but died the following year without having had the opportunity to put his doctrine into practice. See also Wang Jingwei.

For more information on Sun Yat-sen, visit Britannica.com.

Search unanswered questions...

Enter a question here...
Search: All sources Community Q&A Reference topics

Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:

Sun Yat-sen

Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Biographies

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) was the preeminent leader of China's republican revolution. He did much to inspire and organize the movement that overthrew the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and through theKuomintang party paved the way for the eventual reunification of the country.

Sun Yat-sen was born on Nov. 12, 1866, into a peasant household in Choyhung in Kwangtung near the Portuguese colony of Macao. His early education, like his birthplace, established him as a man of two worlds, China and the West. After a rudimentary training in the Chinese classics in his village school, he was sent to Hawaii in 1879 to join his émigré elder brother. There he enrolled at an Anglican college where he studied Western science and religion. Upon graduation in 1882, he returned to his native village, but he soon was banished for defacing the village idols.

Though he returned home briefly to undergo an arranged marriage, Sun spent the formative years of his late teens and early 20s studying in Hong Kong. He began his medical training in Canton but in 1887 returned to Hong Kong and enrolled in the school of medicine attached to Alice Memorial Hospital under Dr. James Cantlie, dean of the school. After graduation in June 1892, he went to Macao, where Portuguese authorities refused to give him a license to practice.

By the time Sun returned to Hong Kong in the spring of 1893, he had become more interested in politics than in medicine. Appalled by the Manchu government's corruption, inefficiency, and inability to defend China against foreign aggressors, he wrote a letter to Li Hung Chang, one of China's most important reform leaders, advocating a program of reform. Ignored, Sun returned to Hawaii to organize the Hsing-chung hui (Revive China Society). When the Sino-Japanese War appeared to present possibilities for the overthrow of the Manchus, Sun returned to Hong Kong and reorganized the Hsing-chung hui as a revolutionary secret society. An uprising was planned in Canton in 1895 but was discovered, and several of Sun's comrades were executed. Having become a marked man, Sun fled and found refuge in Japan.

Peripatetic Revolutionist

The pattern for Sun's career was established: hastily organized plots, failures, execution of co-conspirators, overseas wanderings in search of sanctuary and financial backing for further coups. Sun grew a moustache, donned Western-style clothes, and, posing as a Japanese, set out once again, first to hawaii, then to San Francisco, and finally to England to visit Cantlie. There he was kidnaped by the Chinese legation and held captive pending deportation back to China. Rescued at the last minute through the efforts of Cantlie, he emerged from captivity with an international reputation enhanced by his own account of the event, Kidnapped in London (1897). Before leaving England, he frequented the reading room of the British Museum, where he became acquainted with the writings of Karl Marx and of the American single-tax advocate Henry George.

In July 1897 Sun returned to Japan, where he adopted the pseudonym Nakayama (Chinese, Chung-shan). He also attracted the support of prominent Japanese Sinophiles, liberals, and adventurers who hoped that Japan, by promoting political change in China, could build an Asian bloc against the West. On the other hand, Sun failed to consummate an alliance with the followers of the radical monarchial loyalist K'ang Yu-wei, who also found asylum in Japan after the failure of his Hundred Days Reform. After the failure of the Waichow uprising in October 1900, Sun spent 3 years in Yokohama, establishing a relationship with the growing number of Chinese students who flocked to Japan for a modern education. From 1903 to 1905 he renewed his travels, recruiting adherents among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia, Hawaii, the United States, and Europe.

Sun returned to Japan in July 1905 to find the Chinese student community stirred to a pitch of patriotic excitement. In league with other revolutionary refugees such as Huang Hsing and Sung Chiao-jen, Sun organized, and was elected director of, the T'ung-meng hui (Revolutionary Alliance). Though based upon a merger of the Hsing-chung hui and other existing organizations, the T'ung-meng hui was a centralized body, meticulously organized, with a sophisticated and highly educated membership core drawn from all over China.

By this time Sun's ideas had crystallized into the "Three People's Principles" - nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood. These became the ideological basis for the T'ung-meng hui. When Sun returned from another fund-raising trip in the fall of 1906, his student following in Japan numbered in the thousands. However, under pressure from Peking, the Japanese government expelled him. From March 1907 to March 1908 Sun staged several uprisings from Hanoi, where the sympathetic French had given him a base, but once again Manchu pressure prevailed, and he was compelled to flee to Singapore.

Sun's fortunes had reached a low point. The failure of a series of poorly planned and armed coups relying upon the scattered forces of secret societies and rebel bands had undermined the prestige of the T'ung-meng hui in Southeast Asia, and in August 1908 Japanese authorities banned the highly successful party organ, the Min Pao. Receiving scant encouragement upon revisiting Europe, Sun found that Chinese opinion in the United States was turning against his promonarchial rivals. After a triumphal tour through New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, he returned to Japan via Honolulu. Ten days later he was expelled once again. He went on to Singapore, then to Penang, from which he was ousted for an inflammatory speech. Sun returned to the United States and was en route from Denver to Kansas City on a successful fundraising tour when he read in a newspaper that a successful revolt had occurred in the central Yangtze Valley city of Wuchang.

President of the Chinese Republic

The revolution had occurred in Sun's absence. The instigators were low-ranking army officers in units sympathetic to the T'ung-meng hui. Sun continued to travel eastward across the Atlantic and through Europe to solicit diplomatic and financial support for the revolutionary regime. By the time he arrived back in China on Christmas Day, rebellion had spread through the Yangtze Valley. A tumultuous welcome greeted Sun, and in Nanking, revolutionary delegates from 14 provinces elected him president of a provisional government. On Jan. 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen proclaimed the establishment of the Republic of China.

However, the revolutionists lacked the power to dethrone the Manchu ruler in Peking. Only Yüan Shih-kai, strongman of North China, could accomplish this. Sun, therefore, agreed to relinquish the presidency in exchange for the abdication of the Manchus and Yüan's acceptance of a republican form of government. Yüan gave his assent and was duly elected by the National Assembly in Nanking and inaugurated in Peking on March 12. Yüan thereupon maneuvered the provisional government into moving to Peking instead of transferring the capital to Nanking. Sung Chiao-jen, parliamentary leader of the T'ung-meng hui, attempted to check Yüan's power through the National Assembly. He brought leaders of the T'ung-meng hui and four smaller parties into a federated organization called the Kuomintang (National People's party). Sun Yat-sen, however, having little taste for such parliamentary maneuvers, set about to promote his program of people's livelihood. As newly appointed director of railroad development, he spent the autumn and winter of 1912 touring the rail lines of China and Japan and developing grandiose plans for the future.

Meanwhile a bitter power struggle was under way in Peking. In the national elections of February 1913, the Kuomintang won control of the Assembly. On March 20, Yüan's agents assassinated Sung Chiao-jen at the Shanghai railroad station. Sun hurried back and demanded that the culprits be brought to justice. Yüan, backed by a "reorganization loan" from a foreign consortium, took political and military steps against the Kuomintang. This precipitated scattered but ineffectual resistance, the so-called second revolution. Sun denounced Yüan; Yüan removed Sun from office and on September 15 ordered his arrest. By early December, Sun was once again a political refugee in Japan.

Preparations for a Comeback

Sun now began to work for the overthrow of Yüan. On June 23, 1914, he replaced the Kuomintang with a new party, the Chung-hua ko-ming tang (China Revolutionary party), based upon a personal oath of allegiance to himself. However, Yüan was undone by his own miscalculations rather than by Sun's plots. His attempt to replace the republic with a monarchy touched off revolts in southwestern China followed by uprisings of Sun's followers in several other provinces. Sun hopefully returned to Shanghai in April 1916, 2 months before Yüan's death.

The disintegration of centralized authority opened the gates to warlordism. Power first fell into the hands of Tuan Ch'i-jui, who dissolved the Parliament and convened his own provisional assembly in its place. Sun responded by forming a military government in Canton in league with naval chief Ch'en Pi-kuang, Kwangtung warlord Ch'en Chiung-ming, and other southern military leaders. A rump parliament was convened. However, failing to secure independent military power, Sun was forced to withdraw from the Canton government in May 1918. This need to rely upon warlord support continued to plague him.

Following a fruitless quest for Japanese assistance, Sun established residence in the French concession in Shanghai. There he wrote two of the three treatises later incorporated into his Chien-kuo fang-lueh (Principles of National Reconstruction). In the first part (Social Reconstruction), completed in February 1917, Sun had attributed the failure of democracy in China to the people's lack of practice in its implementation. The second treatise, Psychological Reconstruction, argued that popular acceptance of his program had been obstructed by acceptance of the old adage "Knowledge is easy, action is difficult." Sun proposed the transposition of this to read "Knowledge is difficult, action is easy." Once the knowledge, provided by himself, had been made available, the people should have no difficulty putting it into practice. The third part (Material Reconstruction) constituted a master plan for the industrialization of China to be financed by lavish investments from abroad.

Sun's preoccupation with literary endeavors did not exclude him from political schemes. Once again he reorganized his party, this time as the Chinese Kuomintang. He also kept a hand in the political intrigues of Canton. When the city was occupied on Oct. 26, 1920, by Ch'en Chiung-ming and other supporters, Sun named Ch'en governor of Kwangtung. Sun returned to Canton in November and laid plans to counter the Peking government with a rival regime that would attract foreign support and serve as a military base for an eventual campaign of national reunification. In April 1921 the Canton Parliament established a new government and elected Sun president.

Having brought the neighboring province of Kwangsi under control, Sun now took sides in the altercations of the northern warlords by forming an alliance with Chang Tsolin and Tuan Ch'i-jui against Ts'ao K'un and Wu P'ei-fu and preparing to send troops into Hunan and Kiangsi. However, Ch'en Chiung-ming opposed Sun's grandiose nationwide goals, preferring to wield regional power in a decentralized federation. Sun responded by assuming direct command of his troops in Kweilin, but Ch'en undermined his efforts from Canton. After driving Ch'en from the city, Sun resumed preparation for the northern expedition, but Ch'en recaptured Canton and forced Sun to flee to a gunboat in the Pearl River. There, in the company of a young military aide named Chiang Kai-shek, Sun tried unsuccessfully to engineer a comeback.

Communist Alliance

Never one to be discouraged by failure, Sun returned to Shanghai and continued his plans to retake Canton via alliances with northern warlords and the exertions of his forces in Fukien and Kwangsi. He undertook, moreover, to breathe new life into the faltering Kuomintang and to set in motion a thoroughgoing reorganization of the party. Of equal consequence was Sun's decision to accept support from the Soviet Union, a mark of his disappointment with the Western powers and Japan and his need for political, military, and financial aid. Part of the agreement provided for the admission of individual Chinese Communists into the Kuomintang. On Jan. 26, 1923, in a joint manifesto with Sun, Soviet envoy Adolph Joffe guaranteed Russian support for the reunification of China.

Meanwhile Sun's military allies were paving the way for a return to Canton. By the middle of February 1923 Sun was back again as head of a military government. On October 6 Michael Borodin arrived in Canton, having been sent by the Comintern in response to Sun's request for an adviser on party organization. In January 1924 the first National Congress of the Kuomintang approved a new constitution which remodeled the party along Soviet lines. At the top of a tightly disciplined pyramidal structure was to be a Central Executive Committee with bureaus in charge of propaganda, workers, peasants, youth, women, investigation, and military affairs. Sun's Three People's Principles were restated to emphasize anti-imperialism and the leading role of the party.

One significant departure from the Soviet model was the creation of the position of Tsung-li (party director), to which Sun was given a lifetime appointment. The most controversial development was the election of three Chinese Communists to the Central Executive Committee and to leadership in the organization and peasants bureaus. Party conservatives were shocked. To prevent further polarization, Sun placed ultimate authority in his own hands via the establishment of the Central Political Council.

Even the most disciplined party, Sun realized, would be ineffectual without a military arm. To replace the unreliable warlord armies, Sun chose the Soviet model of a party army. The Soviets agreed to help establish a military academy, and a mission headed by Chiang kai-shek was sent to the U.S.S.R. to secure assistance. The new school was located on Whampoa Island 10 miles downriver from Canton. Sun appointed Chiang commandant, Liao Chung-kai party representative, and other close followers as political instructors.

Final Days in Peking

However, the lure of warlord alliances remained strong. In response to an invitation from Chang Tso-lin and Tuan Ch'i-jui, Sun set out for Peking to deliberate upon the future of China. After a journey via Shanghai, Japan, and Tientsin, Sun and his party reached Peking at the end of December 1924. However, negotiations with Tuan Ch'i-jui soon collapsed. This proved to be the last time that Sun would be disappointed by his allies. Following several months of deteriorating health, he found that he had incurable cancer.

Sun passed his final days at the home of Wellington Koo. There he signed the pithy "political testament" drafted by Wang Ching-wei, urging his followers to hold true to his ideals in carrying the revolution through to victory. He also signed a highly controversial valedictory to the Soviet Union reconsecrating the alliance against Western imperialism. The following day, March 12, 1925, Sun died. He was given a state funeral under orders of Tuan Ch'i-jui.

Sun's Legacy

Though the guiding spirit of the Chinese revolution, Sun was widely criticized during his lifetime. His involvement in warlord politics combined with frequent pronunciamentos heralding new ventures had won him the derisive epithet of "Big Gun Sun." After his death, however, he became the object of a cult that elevated him to a sacrosanct position. His title of Tsung-li was enshrined, never to be used by another leader (although Chiang Kaishek came close in 1938, when he dubbed himself Tsungtsai, or party leader).

During the years of Kuomintang rule (1928-1949), Sun's face looked out from portraits in homes and government offices and appeared on bank notes. His name, Chung-shan, was attached to every variety of public place. His writings became a national bible. This was anything but an unmixed blessing, since Sun was neither a systematic ideologist nor a practical political planner. His Three People's Principles had undergone many changes over the years. The target of his "nationalism" had changed from the Manchus to the imperialist powers. His "people's livelihood" had been loosely identified with socialism and with communism. His "democracy" had been hedged about by more and more qualifications, including the requirement of a period of party tutelage before it could become effective. His manuscripts, left behind when he fled from Ch'en Chiung-ming in 1922, were destroyed by fire. The published work that we know as the Three People's Principles, or Three Principles of the People, was transcribed from lectures delivered between January and August 1924. In practice, this provided neither a viable program for national construction nor a viable alternative to the more rigorous Marxist ideologies.

Sun Yat-sen has also been honored by the Chinese Communists, who stress the last period of his life and speak of his "Three Great Policies" of relying upon the Soviet Union, the Chinese Communists, and the working and peasant masses. The radical interpretation of Sun was carried forth by his widow, Soong Ch'ing-ling, who fearlessly accused Chiang Kai-shek of subverting her husband's teachings and, after 1949, was a prominent figure in the Communist government. His son, Sun Fo, though often at odds with the Kuomintang leadership, pursued a career in Nationalist politics and held a succession of administrative posts in the Nationalist government.

Further Reading

Sun Yat-Sen's Three Principles of the People is available in many Western-language editions; San min chu-i: Three Principles of the People (1964) contains a biographical sketch of Sun. The second and third parts of Sun's Chien-kuo fang-lueh (Principles of National Reconstruction) are translated respectively in his Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary (1927) and in his The International Development of China (1922).

The standard biography of Sun is Lyon Sharman, Sun Yat-sen: His Life and Its Meaning (1934). This is superseded in part by Harold Z. Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution (1968), which carries Sun's story to the founding of the T'ung-meng hui in 1905. Sun's Three Principles are elucidated in Paul M. A. Linebarger, The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen: An Exposition of the San Min Chu I (1937). His political and ideological relationship with the Russian and Chinese Communists is examined in Shao Chuan Leng and Norman D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (1960). Sun's early career is placed in perspective in Mary Calbaugh Wright, ed., China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913 (1968), which contains an essay on Sun by Harold Z. Schiffrin. Also useful for understanding Sun in the context of his times is Michael Gasster, Chinese Intellectuals and the Revolution of 1911 (1969). Additional perspective can be gained from the biographies of two contemporaries: Jerome Ch'ên, Yüan Shih-kai, 1859-1916 (1961), and Chün-tu Hsüeh, Huang Hsing and the Chinese Revolution (1961).

Columbia Encyclopedia:

Sun Yat-sen

Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Columbia Encyclopedia - People
Sun Yat-sen (sūn yät-sĕn), Mandarin Sun Wen, 1866-1925, Chinese revolutionary. He was born near Guangzhou into a farm-owning family. He attended (1879-82) an Anglican boys school in Honolulu, where he came under Western influence, particularly that of Christianity. In 1892 he received a diploma from a Hong Kong medical school, and he subsequently practiced medicine in that city. Thereafter all his activities were devoted to overthrowing the Ch'ing dynasty and establishing a stable Chinese republic.

Sun fled China in 1895, after an abortive revolt, and then toured the world several times to enlist the aid of overseas Chinese in financing his activities. In that period he made an intensive study of Western political and social theory and was deeply impressed with the writings of Karl Marx and Henry George. Sun organized (1905) a revolutionary league, the T'ung Meng Hui, in Japan and gradually perfected his political conceptions, which were based on the Three People's Principles: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood. Revolution erupted in China, and Sun was elected provisional president of the Chinese republic in Dec., 1911, but two months later he resigned in favor of Yüan Shih-kai. Later, when Sung Chiao-jen transformed the T'ung Meng Hui into a federated political party called the Kuomintang, Sun served as its director.

Meanwhile, opposition developed to Yüan's dictatorial methods; in 1913 Sun led an unsuccessful revolt against Yüan, and he was forced to seek asylum in Japan, where he reorganized the Kuomintang. He returned to China in 1917, and in 1921 he was elected president of a self-proclaimed national government at Guangzhou in S China. To develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the militarists at Beijing, he established the Whampoa Military Academy (now Huangpu Military Academy), with Chiang Kai-shek as its commandant and with such party leaders as Wang Ching-wei and Hu Han-min as political instructors. In 1924, to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Chinese Communists and he accepted the help of the USSR in reorganizing the Kuomintang.

After Sun's death, when the Communists and the Kuomintang split (1927), each group claimed to be his true heirs. The official veneration of Sun's memory (especially in the Kuomintang) was a virtual cult, which centered around his tomb in Nanjing. His widow, the former Soong Ch'ing-ling (see Soong, family), whom he married in 1914, rose to a high position in the government of Communist China. He wrote San Min Chu I (tr. 1928), Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary (1927, repr. 1970), and Fundamentals of National Reconstruction (tr. 1953).

Bibliography

See biographies by L. Sharman (1934) and B. D. Martin (1952); L. S. Hsu, Sun Yat-sen, His Political and Social Ideals: A Sourcebook (1933); S. C. Leng and N. D. Palmer, Sun Yat-sen and Communism (1960); H. Z. Schiffrin, Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution (1970); M. Wilbur, Sun Yat-sen (1977).

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Sun Yat-sen

Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Sun.
Generalissimo
 Sun Yat-sen
孫文 / 孫逸仙
Provisional President of the Republic of China
In office
29 December 1911 – 10 March 1912
Vice President Li Yuanhong
Succeeded by Yuan Shikai
Personal details
Born 12 November 1866(1866-11-12)
Xiangshan, Guangdong, China
Died 12 March 1925(1925-03-12) (aged 58)
Beijing
Nationality Chinese Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg
Political party Kuomintang
Other political
affiliations		 Chinese Revolutionary Party
Spouse(s) Lu Muzhen (1885–1915)
Kaoru Otsuki (1903–1906)
Soong Ching-ling (1915–1925)
Chen Cui-fen
Children Sun Fo
Sun Yan
Sun Wan
Fumiko Miyagawa (b. 1906）
Alma mater Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese
Occupation Physician
Politician
Revolutionary
Writer
Religion Congregationalist
Signature
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)[1] was a Chinese revolutionary and president. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. Sun was the first provisional president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader.[2] Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.

Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during the Northern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.[3]

Contents

Names

Main article: Names of Sun Yat-sen

The original name of Sun Yat-sen was Sun Wen (孫文) and his genealogical name was Sun Deming (孫德明).[1][4] As a child, his "milk name" was Dixiang (帝象).[1] The courtesy name of Sun Yat-sen was Zaizhi (載之), and his baptized name was Rixin (日新).[5] While at school in Hong Kong he got the name Yat Sen (逸仙; Hanyu pinyin: Yìxiān).[6] Sun Zhongshan (孫中山), the most popular of his Chinese names, came from Nakayama (中山樵), a form of the Japanese name given to him by Miyazaki Touten.[1]

Early years

Sun Yat-sen (back row, fifth from left) and his family.

Farm life

Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to a Cantonese Hakka family[7] in the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan (later Zhongshan county), Guangzhou prefecture, Guangdong province in Qing China.[1] He was the third son born in a family of farmers, and herded cows along with other farming duties at age 6.[1]

Education years

Statue of Sun Yat-sen as a school boy in Honolulu, Hawaii, age 13
Statue of Sun Yat-sen as a school boy in Honolulu, Hawaii, age 13

At age 10, Sun Yat-sen began seeking schooling.[1] It is also at this point where he met childhood friend Lu Hao-tung.[1] By age 13 in 1878 after receiving a few years of local schooling, Sun went to live with his elder brother, Sun Mei (孫眉) in Honolulu.[1]

Sun Yat-sen then studied at the ʻIolani School where he learned English, British history, mathematics, science and Christianity.[1] Originally unable to speak the English language, Sun Yat-sen picked up the language so quickly that he received a prize for outstanding achievement from King David Kalākaua.[8] Sun enrolled in Oahu College (now Punahou School) for further studies for one semester.[1][9] In 1883 he was soon sent home to China as his brother was becoming afraid that Sun Yat-sen would embrace Christianity.[1]

When he returned home in 1883 at age 17, Sun met up with his childhood friend Lu Hao-tung at Beijidian (北極殿), a temple in Cuiheng Village.[1] They saw many villagers worshipping the Beiji (literally North Pole) Emperor-God in the temple, and were dissatisfied with their ancient healing methods.[1] They broke the statue, incurring the wrath of fellow villagers, and escaped to Hong Kong.[1][10][11] While in HK in 1883 he studied at the Diocesan Boys' School and from 1884 to 1886 he was at the government Central school.[12]

In 1886 Sun studied medicine at the Guangzhou Boji Hospital under the Christian missionary John G. Kerr.[1] Ultimately, he earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of The University of Hong Kong) in 1892.[1][6] Notably, of his class of 12 students, only two graduated; Sun was one of them.[13][14][15]

Christian baptism

Sun was later baptized in Hong Kong by an American missionary of the Congregational Church of the United States, to his brother's disdain. The minister would also develop a friendship with Sun.[16][17] Sun pictured a revolution as similar to the salvation mission of the Christian church. His conversion to Christianity was related to his revolutionary ideals and push for advancement.[17] Sun later became the godfather of Paul Linebarger, a science-fiction writer.[18]

Transformation into a revolutionary

Photograph of Sun Yat-sen (seated, second from left) and his revolutionary friends, the Four Bandits, including Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (seated, second from right), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良) (standing).

Four Bandits

During the Qing Dynasty rebellion around 1888 Sun was in Hong Kong with a group of revolutionary thinkers that were nicknamed the Four Bandits at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese.[19] Sun, who had grown increasingly frustrated by the conservative Qing government and its refusal to adopt knowledge from the more technologically advanced Western nations, quit his medical practice in order to devote his time to transforming China.

Furen and Revive China Society

In 1891 Sun met revolutionary friends in Hong Kong including Yeung Kui-wan who was the leader and founder of the Furen Literary Society.[20] The group was spreading the idea of overthrowing the Qing. In 1894, Sun wrote an 8,000 character petition to Qing Viceroy Li Hongzhang presenting his ideas for modernizing China.[21][22][23] He traveled to Tianjin to personally present the petition to Li but was not granted an audience.[24] After this experience, Sun turned irrevocably toward revolution. He left China for Hawaii and founded the Revive China Society, which was committed to revolution to restore China’s prosperity. Members were drawn mainly from Chinese expatriates, especially the lower social classes. The same month in 1894 the Furen Literary Society was merged with the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society.[20] Sun became the secretary of the newly merged Revive China society, which Yeung Kui-wan headed as president.[25] They disguised their activities in Hong Kong under the running of a "Qianheng Company" (乾亨行).[26]

First Sino-Japanese War

In 1895 China suffered a serious defeat during the First Sino-Japanese War. There were two types of response. One group of intellectuals contended that the Manchu Qing government could restore its legitimacy by successfully modernizing.[27] Stressing that overthrowing the Manchu would result in chaos and would lead to China being carved up by imperialists, intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao supported responding with initiatives like the Hundred Days' Reform.[27] In another faction, Sun Yat-sen and others like Zou Rong wanted a revolution to replace the dynastic system with a modern nation-state in the form of a republic.[27] The Hundred Day's reform turned out to be a failure by 1898.[28]

From uprising to exile

Plaque in London marking the site of a house where Sun Yat-sen lived while in exile
Letter from Sun Yat-sen to James Cantlie announcing to him that he has assumed the Presidency of the Provisional Republican Government of China. Dated 21 January 1912.

First Guangzhou uprising

In the second year of the establishment of the Revive China society on 26 October 1895, the group planned and launched the First Guangzhou uprising against the Qing in Guangzhou.[22] Yeung Kui-wan directed the uprising starting from Hong Kong.[25] However, plans were leaked out and more than 70 members, including Lu Hao-tung, were captured by the Qing government. The uprising was a failure.

Exile in Japan

Sun Yat-sen spent time living in Japan while in exile. He befriended and was financially aided by a democratic revolutionary named Miyazaki Toten. Most Japanese who actively worked with Sun were motivated by a pan-Asian fear of encroaching Western imperialism.[29] While in Japan, Sun also met and befriended Mariano Ponce, then a diplomat of the First Philippine Republic.[30]

Huizhou uprising

On 22 October 1900 Sun launched the Huizhou uprising to attack Huizhou and provincial authorities in Guangdong.[31] This came five years after the failed Guangzhou uprising. This time Sun appealed to the triads for help.[32] This uprising was also a failure. Miyazaki who participated in the revolt with Sun wrote an account of this revolutionary effort under the title "33-year dream" (三十三年之夢) in 1902.[33][34]

Further exile

Sun was in exile not only in Japan, but also in Europe, the United States, and Canada. He raised money for his revolutionary party and to support uprisings in China. In 1896 he was detained at the Chinese Legation in London, where the Chinese Imperial secret service planned to kill him. He was released after 12 days through the efforts of James Cantlie, The Times and the Foreign Office, leaving Sun a hero in Britain.[35] James Cantlie, Sun's former teacher at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, maintained a lifelong friendship with Sun and would later write an early biography of Sun.[36]

Heaven and earth society, overseas travel

A "Heaven and Earth Society" sect known as Tiandihui has been around for a long time.[37] The group has also been referred to as the "three cooperating organizations" as well as the triads.[37] Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution.[37]

According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him.[38] But on Sun's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested.[38] He was later bailed out after 17 days.[38] In March 1904, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth,[39] issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating he was born on 24 November 1870 in Kula, Maui.[40] Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.[41]

Revolution

A letter with Sun's seal commencing the Tongmenghui in HK

Tongmenghui

Main article: Tongmenghui

In 1904 Sun Yat-sen came about with the goal "to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." (驅除韃虜, 恢復中華, 創立民國, 平均地權).[42] One of Sun's major legacies was the creation of his political philosophy of the Three Principles of the People. These Principles included the principle of nationalism (minzu, 民族), of democracy (minquan, 民權), and of welfare (minsheng, 民生).[42]

On 20 August 1905 Sun joined forces with revolutionary Chinese students studying in Tokyo, Japan to form the unified group Tongmenghui (United League), which sponsored uprisings in China.[42][43] By 1906 the number of Tongmenghui members reached 963 people.[42]

Interior of the Wan Qing Yuan featuring Sun's items and photos

Malaya support

Main article: Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya

Sun's notability and popularity extends beyond the Greater China region, particularly to Nanyang (Southeast Asia) where a large concentration of overseas Chinese reside in Malaya (Malaysia and Singapore). While in Singapore he met local Chinese merchants Teo Eng Hock, Tan Chor Nam and Lim Nee Soon, which mark the commencement of direct support from the Nanyang Chinese. The Singapore chapter of the Tongmenghui was established on 6 April 1906.[44] Though some records claim the founding date to be end of 1905.[44] The villa used by Sun was known as Wan Qing Yuan.[44][45] At this point Singapore was the headquarter of the Tongmenghui.[44]

Zhennanguan uprising

On 1 December 1907 Sun led the Zhennanguan uprising against the Qing at Friendship Pass, which is the border between Guangxi and Vietnam.[46] The uprising failed after seven days of fighting.[46][47] In 1907 there were a total of four uprisings that failed including Huanggang uprising, Huizhou seven women lake uprising and Qinzhou uprising.[44] In 1908 two more uprisings failed one after another including Qin-lian uprising and Hekou uprising.[44]

Anti-Sun movements

Because of these failures Sun's leadership was beginning to be challenged by elements from within the Tongmenghui who wished to remove him as leader. In Tokyo 1907–1908 members from the recently merged Restoration society raised doubts about Sun's credentials.[44] Tao Chengzhang (陶成章) and Zhang Binglin publicly denounced Sun with an open leaflet called "A declaration of Sun Yat-sen's criminal acts by the revolutionaries in Southeast Asia".[44] This was printed and distributed in reformist newspapers like Nanyang Zonghui Bao.[44][48] Their goal was to target Sun as a leader leading a revolt for profiteering gains.[44]

The revolutionaries were polarized and split between pro-Sun and anti-Sun camps.[44] Sun publicly fought off comments about how he had something to gain financially from the revolution.[44] In 1910 Sun took the time to establish the United Chinese Library in Singapore.[49] But by 19 July 1910 the Tongmenghui headquarter had to relocate from Singapore to Penang to reduce the anti-Sun activities.[44] It is also in Penang that Sun and his supporters would launch the first Chinese "daily" newspaper, the Kwong Wah Yit Poh on December 1910.[46]

Soldiers of the Wuchang uprising

1911 revolution

Main articles: Wuchang Uprising and Xinhai Revolution

To sponsor more uprisings, Sun made a personal plea for financial aid at the Penang conference held on 13 November 1910 in Malaya.[50] The leaders launched a major drive for donations across the Malay Peninsula.[50] They raised HK$187,000.[50]

On 27 April 1911 revolutionary Huang Xing led a second Guangzhou uprising known as the Yellow Flower Mound revolt against the Qing. The revolt failed and ended in disaster; only the bodies of 72 revolutionaries were found.[51] The revolutionaries are remembered as martyrs.[51]

On 10 October 1911 a military uprising at Wuchang took place led again by Huang Xing. At the time Sun had no direct involvement as he was still in exile. Huang was in charge of the revolution that ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. When Sun learned of the successful rebellion against the Qing emperor from press reports, he immediately returned to China from the United States accompanied by General Homer Lea on 21 December 1911.[52] The uprising expanded to the Xinhai Revolution also known as the "Chinese Revolution" to overthrow the last Emperor Puyi. After this event 10 October became known as the commemoration of Double Ten Day.[53]

Republic of China with many governments

Provisional government

Main article: Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)

On 29 December 1911 a meeting of representatives from provinces in Nanking elected Sun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統).[54] 1 January 1912 was set as the first day of the First Year of the Republic.[55] Li Yuanhong was made provisional vice-president and Huang Xing became the minister of the army. The new Provisional Government of the Republic of China was created along with the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. Sun is credited for the funding of the revolutions and for keeping the spirit of revolution alive, even after a series of failed uprisings. His successful merger of minor revolutionary groups to a single larger party provided a better base for all those who shared the same ideals. A number of things were introduced such as the republic calendar system and new fashion like Zhongshan suits.

Beiyang government

Main article: Beiyang government

Yuan Shikai was in charge of the Beiyang Army, the military of northern China. He was promised the position of President of the Republic of China if he could get the Qing court to abdicate.[56] On 12 February 1912 Emperor Puyi did abdicate the throne.[55] Sun Yat-sen stepped down as President, and Yuan became the new provisional president in Beijing on 10 March 1912.[56] The provisional government did not have any military forces of its own, its control over elements of the New Army that had mutinied was limited and there were still significant forces which still had not declared against the Qing.

Sun Yat-sen sent telegrams to the leaders of all provinces, requesting them to elect and to establish the National Assembly of the Republic of China in 1912.[57] In May 1912 the legislative assembly moved from Nanjing to Beijing with its 120 members divided between members of Tongmenghui and a Republican party that supported Yuan Shikai.[58] Many revolutionary members were already alarmed by Yuan's ambitions and the northern based Beiyang government.

KMT and Second Revolution

Tongmenghui member Song Jiaoren quickly tried to control the parliament. He mobilized the old Tungmenghui at the core with the merger of a number of new small parties to form a new political party called the Kuomintang (KMT) on 25 August 1912 at Huguang Guild Hall Beijing.[58] The 1912–1913 National assembly election was considered a huge success for the KMT winning 269 of the 596 seats in the lower house and 123 of the 274 senate seats.[56][58] The Second Revolution took place where Sun and KMT military forces tried to overthrow Yuan's forces of about 80,000 men in an armed conflict in July 1913.[59] The revolt against Yuan was unsuccessful. Sun was forced to seek asylum in Japan. In retaliation KMT party leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated under the secret order of Yuan Shikai on 20 March 1913.[56]

Political chaos

In 1915 Yuan Shikai proclaimed the Empire of China (1915–1916) with himself as Emperor of China. Sun took part in the Anti-Monarchy war of the Constitutional Protection Movement, while also supporting bandit leaders like Bai Lang during the Bai Lang Rebellion. This marked the beginning of the Warlord Era. In 1915 Sun wrote to the Second International, an organisation of socialist based in Paris, asking it to send a team of specialists to help China set up the world's first socialist republic.[60] At the time there were many theories and proposals of what China could be. In the political mess, even when Sun Yat-sen was announced as President, Xu Shichang was also announced as President of the Republic of China.[61]

Path to Northern Expedition

Sun Yat-sen (middle, dressed in white) and Chiang Kai-shek (on stage in uniform) at the founding of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924.

Guangzhou militarist government

China had become divided between different military leaders without a proper central government. Sun saw the danger of this and returned to China in 1917 to advocate Chinese reunification. In 1921 he started a self-proclaimed military government in Guangzhou and was elected Grand Marshal.[62] Between 1912 and 1927 three governments had been set up in South China: the Provisional government in Nanjing (1912), the Military government in Guangzhou (1921–1925), and the National government in Guangzhou and later Wuhan (1925–1927).[63] The southern separatist government in the South was established to rival the Beiyang government in the north.[62] Yuan Shikai had banned the KMT. The short lived Chinese Revolutionary Party was a temporary replacement for the KMT. On 10 October 1919 Sun resurrected the KMT with the new name Chung-kuo Kuomintang, basically "Chinese Nationalist party".[58]

Sun Yat-sen (seated on right) and Chiang Kai-shek

KMT CPC cooperation

By this time Sun had become convinced that the only hope for a unified China lay in a military conquest from his base in the south, followed by a period of political tutelage that would culminate in the transition to democracy. In order to hasten the conquest of China, he began a policy of active cooperation with the Communist Party of China (CPC). Sun and the Soviet Union's Adolph Joffe signed the Sun-Joffe Manifesto in January 1923.[64] Sun received help from the Comintern for his acceptance of communist members into his KMT. Revolutionary and socialist leader Vladimir Lenin praised Sun and the KMT for their ideology and principles. Lenin praised Sun and his attempts at social reformation, and also congratulated him for fighting foreign Imperialism.[65][66][67] Sun also returned the praise, calling him a "great man", and sent his congratulations on the revolution in Russia.[68]

With the Soviet's help, Sun was able to develop the military power needed for the Northern Expedition against the military at the north. He established the Whampoa Military Academy near Guangzhou with Chiang Kai-shek as the commandant of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA).[69] Other Whampoa leaders include Wang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin as political instructors. This full collaboration was called the First United Front.

Finance concerns

In 1924 Sun appointed TV Soong to set up the first Chinese Central bank called the Canton Central Bank.[70] To establish national capitalism and a banking system was a major objective for the KMT.[71] However Sun was not without some opposition as there was the Canton volunteers corps uprising against him.

Sun (seated, right) and his wife Soong Ching-ling (宋慶齡) (seated, center) in Kobe, Japan in 1924

Final speeches

In February 1923 Sun made a presentation to the Students' Union in Hong Kong University and declared that it was the corruption of China and the peace, order and good government of Hong Kong that turned him into a revolutionary.[72][73] This same year, he delivered a speech in which he proclaimed his Three Principles of the People as the foundation of the country and the Five-Yuan Constitution as the guideline for the political system and bureaucracy. Part of the speech was made into the National Anthem of the Republic of China.

On 10 November 1924, Sun traveled north to Tianjin and delivered a speech to suggest a gathering for a "National conference" for the Chinese people. It called for the end of warlord rules and the abolition of all unequal treaties with the Western powers.[74] Two days later, he traveled to Beijing to discuss the future of the country, despite his deteriorating health and the ongoing civil war of the warlords. On 28 November 1924 Sun traveled to Japan and gave a speech on Pan-Asianism at Kobe, Japan.[75]

Death

Sun died of liver cancer on 12 March 1925 at the age of 58 at the Rockefeller Hospital in Beijing.[76][77] In keeping with common Chinese practice, his remains were placed in the Temple of Azure Clouds, a Buddhist shrine in the Western Hills a few miles outside of Beijing.[78][79]

A mausoleum was built and completed in 1929. In June 1, 1929, Sun's remains were relocated from Beijing and buried in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.

Legacy

Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Beijing in 1928 after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin (何成浚), Zhang Zuobao (張作寶), Chen Diaoyuan (陳調元), Chiang Kai-shek, Woo Tsin-hang, Yan Xishan, Ma Fuxiang, Ma Sida (馬四達), and Bai Chongxi.

Power struggle

After Sun's death, a power struggle between his young protégé Chiang Kai-shek and his old revolutionary comrade Wang Jingwei split the KMT. At stake in this struggle was the right to lay claim to Sun's ambiguous legacy. In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek married Soong May-ling, a sister of Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling, and subsequently he could claim to be a brother-in-law of Sun. When the Communists and the Kuomintang split in 1927, marking the start of the Chinese Civil War, each group claimed to be his true heirs, a conflict that continued through World War II. His widow, Soong Ching-ling, sided with the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and served from 1949 to 1981 as Vice President (or Vice Chairwoman) of the People's Republic of China and as Honorary President shortly before her death in 1981.

Cult of Personality

A personality cult in the Republic of China was centered on Sun and his successor, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese Muslim Generals and Imams participated in this cult of personality and one party state, with Muslim General Ma Bufang making people bow to Sun's portrait and listen to the national anthem during a Tibetan and Mongol religious ceremony for the Qinghai Lake God.[80] Quotes from the Quran and Hadith were used by Muslims to justify Chiang Kai-shek's rule over China.[81]

Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling

Father of the Nation

Sun Yat-sen remains unique among 20th century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. In Taiwan, he is seen as the Father of the Republic of China, and is known by the posthumous name Father of the Nation, Mr. Sun Zhongshan (Chinese: 國父　孫中山先生, where the one-character space is a traditional homage symbol).[4] His likeness is still almost always found in ceremonial locations such as in front of legislatures and classrooms of public schools, from elementary to senior high school, and he continues to appear in new coinage and currency.

Forerunner of the revolution

On the mainland, Sun is also seen as a Chinese nationalist and proto-socialist, and is highly regarded as the Forerunner of the Revolution (革命先行者).[64] He is even mentioned by name in the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. In recent years, the leadership of the Communist Party of China has increasingly invoked Sun, partly as a way of bolstering Chinese nationalism in light of Chinese economic reform and partly to increase connections with supporters of the Kuomintang on Taiwan which the PRC sees as allies against Taiwan independence. Sun's tomb was one of the first stops made by the leaders of both the Kuomintang and the People First Party on their pan-blue visit to mainland China in 2005.[82] A massive portrait of Sun continues to appear in Tiananmen Square for May Day and National Day.

Family

Lu Muzhen (1867–1952), Sun's first wife from 1885 to 1915
Main article: Family tree of Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen was born to father Sun Da-cheng (孫達成) and mother lady Yang (楊氏) on 12 November 1866.[83] At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. By the time he was born, he already had an older brother Sun De-zhang (孫德彰), an older sister Sun Jin-xing (孫金星) who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother Sun Dak-you (孫德祐) also died at the age of 6. He had two other sisters Sun Miao-xi (孫妙茜), who was older and Sun Qiu-qi (孫秋綺) who was younger.[14]

Sun had an arranged marriage with fellow villager Lu Muzhen at the age of 20. She bore him a son Sun Fo and two daughters, Sun Jin-yuan (孫金媛) and Sun Jin-wan (孫金婉).[14] Sun subsequently married Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters.[14] They were married in Japan on 25 October 1915, though he did not divorce his first wife, Lu Muzhen, due to opposition from the Chinese community.[84] The relation with the sisters' father Charles Soong would play a role in political affairs. Among Sun's descendants was Leland Sun, who spent 37 years working in Hollywood as an actor and stuntman.[85]

Cultural references

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing at 1 May 2011

Memorials and structures in Asia

In most major Chinese cities one of the main streets is named Zhongshan Lu (中山路) to celebrate his memory. There are also numerous parks, schools, and geographical features named after him. Xiangshan, Sun's hometown in Guangdong, was re-named Zhongshan in his honor, and there is a hall dedicated to his memory at the Temple of Azure Clouds in Beijing. There are also a series of Sun Yat-sen stamps.

Other reference to Sun include the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and National Sun Yat-sen University in Kaohsiung. Other structures include Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Sun Yat-sen subway station, Sun Yat-sen house in Nanjing, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum in Hong Kong, Chung-Shan Building in the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei. Zhongshan Memorial Middle School has also been a name used by many schools. Zhongshan Park is also a common name used for a number of places named after him. The first highway in Taiwan is called the Sun Yat-sen expressway. Two ships are also named after him, the Chinese gunboat Chung Shan and Chinese cruiser Yat Sen. The old Chinatown in Calcutta (now known as Kolkata), India has a prominent street by the name of Sun Yat-sen street. In Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang; this house which has been preserved as the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base museum was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been also preserved as another Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Museum in Penang.

As dedication, the 1966 Chinese Cultural Renaissance was launched on Sun's birthday on 12 November.[86]

The Nanyang Wan Qing Yuan have since been preserved and renamed as the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall.[45] A Sun Yat-sen heritage trail was also launched in 20 November 2010 in Penang.[87]

Sun's US citizen Hawaii birth certificate that show he was not born in the ROC, but instead born in the US was on public display at the American Institute in Taiwan on US Independence day 4 July 2011.[88]

A marker on the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail on Hong Kong Island

Memorials and structures outside of Asia

Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden is located in Vancouver, the largest classical Chinese gardens outside of Asia. There is the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Park in Chinatown, Honolulu.[89] In Sacramento, California there is a bronze statue of Sun in front of the Chinese Benevolent Association of Sacramento. Another statue of Sun Yat-sen can be found at Riverdale Park in Toronto, Canada. There is also the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. In Chinatown, San Francisco, there is a 12-foot statue of him on St. Mary's Square.[90]

In late 2011, the Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne, in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic Of China, unveiled, in a Lion Dance Blessing ceremony, a memorial statue of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen outside the Chinese Museum in Melbourne's Chinatown, on the spot where their traditional Chinese New Year Lion Dance always ends.[91]

In 1993 Lily Sun, one of Sun Yat-sen's granddaughters, donated books, photographs, artwork and other memorabilia to the Kapi`olani library as part of the "Sun Yat-sen Asian collection".[92] During October and November every year the entire collection is shown.[92] In 1997 the "Dr Sun Yat-sen Hawaii foundation" was formed online as a virtual library.[92] In 2006 the NASA Mars Exploration Rover Spirit labeled one of the hills explored "Zhongsan".[93]

In popular culture

TV series, films

The life of Sun is portrayed in various films, mainly The Soong Sisters and Road to Dawn. A fictionalized assassination attempt on his life was featured in Bodyguards and Assassins. He is also portrayed during his struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty in Once Upon a Time in China II. The TV series Towards the Republic features Ma Shaohua as Sun Yat-sen. In the 100th anniversary tribute of the film 1911, Winston Chao played Sun.[94]

Sun Yat-sen tribute in Tiananmen Square, 2005.

Performances

In 2010 a theatrical play "Yellow Flower on slopes" (斜路黃花) was made.[95] In 2011 there is also a mandopop group called "Zhongsan road 100" (中山路100號) known for singing the song "Our father of the nation" (我們國父).[96] In 2011 a three-act "Dr Sun Yat-sen opera" was announced by the Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department.[97]

Books

The 1992 fictional novel China Mountain Zhang has a protagonist named Zhongsan of Chinese and Puerto Rican ancestry in a world dominated by the Communist party.

Controversy

New Three Principles of the People

At one time CPC General secretary and PRC president Jiang Zemin claimed Sun Yat-sen had a "New Three Principles of the People" (新三民主義) which consisted of "working with the soviets, working with the communists and helping the farmers" (聯俄, 聯共, 扶助工農).[98][99] Lily Sun said the CPC was distorting Sun's legacy in 2001. She then voiced her displeasure in 2002 in a private letter to Jiang about the distortion of history.[98] In 2008 Jiang Zemin was willing to offer US$10 million to sponsor a Xinhai Revolution anniversary celebration event. According to Ming Pao she could not take the money because she would no longer have the freedom to communicate the revolution.[98] This concept is still currently available on Baike Baidu.

KMT emblem disappearance case

In 1981 Lily Sun took a trip to Sun Yat-sen mausoleum in Nanjing, People's Republic of China. The emblem of the KMT had disappeared from the top of his tomb. On another visit in May 2011, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had disappeared from a stone carving.[98]

Father of Independent Taiwan issue

In November 2004 the Taiwan Ministry of Education proposed that Sun Yat-sen was not the father of their independent country, Taiwan. Instead Sun was a foreigner from China.[100] Taiwanese Education minister Tu Cheng-sheng and Examination Yuan member Lin Yu-ti (林玉体) were then attacked with eggs.[101] At a Sun Yat-sen statue in Kaohsiung, a 70 year old ROC retired soldier slit his own throat to commit suicide as a way to protest the ministry proposal on the anniversary of Sun's birthday 12 November.[100][101]

See also

Portal icon China portal
Portal icon Republic of China portal
Portal icon Biography portal

Further reading

External links

Find more about Sun Yat-sen on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
Images and media from Commons
Learning resources from Wikiversity
News stories from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Singtao daily. Saturday edition. 23 Oct 2010. 特別策劃 section A18. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition 民國之父.
  2. ^ Derek Benjamin Heater. [1987] (1987). Our world this century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199133247, 9780199133246.
  3. ^ Schoppa, Keith R. [2000] (2000). The Columbia guide to modern Chinese history. Columbia university press. ISBN 0231112769, 9780231112765. p 282.
  4. ^ a b 王爾敏. 思想創造時代:孫中山與中華民國. 秀威資訊科技股份有限公司 publishing. ISBN 9862217073, 9789862217078. p 274.
  5. ^ 王壽南. [2007] (2007). Sun Zhong-san. 臺灣商務印書館 publishing. ISBN 9570521562, 9789570521566. p 23.
  6. ^ a b 游梓翔. [2006] (2006). 領袖的聲音: 兩岸領導人政治語藝批評, 1906–2006. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司 publishing. ISBN 9571142689, 9789571142685. p 82.
  7. ^ . http://www.chinanews.com/n/2003-12-04/26/376869.html. 
  8. ^ "Dr. Sun Yat-Sen (class of 1882)". Iolani School website. http://www.iolani.org/wn_aboutiolani_100305_cc.htm. 
  9. ^ Brannon, John (16 August 2007). "Chinatown park, statue honor Sun Yat-sen". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Aug/16/ln/hawaii708160313.html. Retrieved 17 August 2007. "Sun graduated from Iolani School in 1882, then attended Oahu College – now known as Punahou School – for one semester." 
  10. ^ "基督教與近代中國革命起源:以孫中山為例". Big5.chinanews.com:89. http://big5.chinanews.com:89/hb/2011/04-02/2950599.shtml. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  11. ^ "歷史與空間：基督教與近代中國革命的起源──以孫中山為例 – 香港文匯報". Paper.wenweipo.com. 2 April 2011. http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/04/02/OT1104020012.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  12. ^ "中山史蹟徑一日遊". Lcsd.gov.hk. http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/yfoh/b5/sun_yat_sen.php. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  13. ^ HK university. [2002] (2002). Growing with Hong Kong: the University and its graduates: the first 90 years. ISBN 9622096131, 9789622096134.
  14. ^ a b c d Singtao daily. 28 Feb 2011. 特別策劃 section A10. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition.
  15. ^ South China morning post. Birth of Sun heralds dawn of revolutionary era for China. 11 November 1999.
  16. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 26
  17. ^ a b Soong, (1997) p. 151-178
  18. ^ Hellekson, Karen [2001] (2001). The science fiction of Cordwainer Smith. McFarland. ISBN 078641149X, 9780786411498. pg 6.
  19. ^ Bard, Solomon. Voices from the past: Hong Kong, 1842–1918. [2002] (2002). HK university press. ISBN 9622095747, 9789622095748. pg 183.
  20. ^ a b Curthoys, Ann. Lake, Marilyn. [2005] (2005). Connected worlds: history in transnational perspective. ANU publishing. ISBN 1920942440, 9781920942441. pg 101.
  21. ^ Wei, Julie Lee. Myers Ramon Hawley. Gillin, Donald G. [1994] (1994). Prescriptions for saving China: selected writings of Sun Yat-sen. Hoover press. ISBN 0817992812, 9780817992811.
  22. ^ a b 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂#5 清. 中華書局. ISBN 962-8885-28-6. p 146.
  23. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 39–40
  24. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 40–41
  25. ^ a b (Chinese) Yang, Bayun; Yang, Xing'an (November 2010). Yeung Kui-wan – A Biography Written by a Family Member. Bookoola. p. 17. ISBN 978-9-88180-416-7
  26. ^ "孫中山第一次辭讓總統並非給袁世凱 – 文匯資訊". Info.wenweipo.com. http://info.wenweipo.com/index.php?action-viewnews-itemid-48088-page-2. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  27. ^ a b c Bevir, Mark. [2010] (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage publishing. ISBN 1412958652, 9781412958653. pg 168.
  28. ^ Lin, Xiaoqing Diana. [2006] (2006). Peking University: Chinese Scholarship And Intellectuals, 1898–1937. SUNY Press. ISBN 0791463222, 9780791463222. pg 27.
  29. ^ "JapanFocus". Old.japanfocus.org. http://old.japanfocus.org/_Sato_Kazuo-Sun_Yat_sen_s_1911_Revolution_had_Its_Seeds_in_Tokyo. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  30. ^ Thornber, Karen Laura. [2009] (2009). Empire of texts in motion: Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese transculturations of Japanese literature. Harvard university press. pg 404.
  31. ^ Gao, James Zheng. [2009] (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow press. ISBN 0810849305, 9780810849303. Chronology section.
  32. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 86
  33. ^ 劉崇稜. [2004] (2004). 日本近代文學精讀. ISBN 9571136751, 9789571136752. pg 71.
  34. ^ Frédéric, Louis. [2005] (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Harvard university press. ISBN 0674017536, 9780674017535. pg 651.
  35. ^ Contrary to popular legends, Sun entered the Legation voluntarily, but was prevented from leaving. The Legation planned to execute him, before returning his body to Beijing for ritual beheading. Cantlie, his former teacher, was refused a writ of habeas corpus because of the Legation's diplomatic immunity, but he began a campaign through The Times. The Foreign Office persuaded the Legation to release Sun through diplomatic channels.
    Source: Wong, J.Y. (1986). The Origins of a Heroic Image: SunYat Sen in London, 1896–1987. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 
    as summarized in
    Clark, David J.; Gerald McCoy (2000). The Most Fundamental Legal Right: Habeas Corpus in the Commonwealth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 162. http://books.google.com/books?id=B9rYW5xPYEwC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=Chinese+Legation+London&source=web&ots=vgN8Sy0j5Y&sig=AXitXwpp3F6YIDZmqTSSasD45eU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result. 
  36. ^ Cantlie, James (1913). Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China. London: Jarrold & Sons. 
  37. ^ a b c João de Pina-Cabral. [2002] (2002). Between China and Europe: person, culture and emotion in Macao. Berg publishing. ISBN 0826457495, 9780826457493. pg 209.
  38. ^ a b c "孫中山思想 3學者演說精采". World journal. 4 March 2011. http://sf.worldjournal.com/view/full_sf/12160552/article-孫中山思想-3學者演說精采?instance=top_rec. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  39. ^ Sun Yat-sen: Certification of Live Birth in Hawaii www.scribd.com
  40. ^ Sun Yat-sen’s strong links to Hawaii, Honolulu Star Bulletin "Sun renounced it in due course. It did, however, help him circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which became applicable when Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898."
  41. ^ [1][dead link]
  42. ^ a b c d 計秋楓, 朱慶葆. [2001] (2001). 中國近代史, Volume 1. Chinese university press. ISBN 9622019870, 9789622019874. pg 468.
  43. ^ "Internal Threats – The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) – Imperial China – History – China – Asia". Countriesquest.com. http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/china/history/imperial_china/the_manchu_qing_dynasty_1644-1911/internal_threats.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Yan, Qinghuang. [2008] (2008). The Chinese in Southeast Asia and beyond: socioeconomic and political dimensions. World Scientific publishing. ISBN 9812790470, 9789812790477. pg 182–187.
  45. ^ a b "Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall". Wanqingyuan.com.sg. http://www.wanqingyuan.com.sg/ENG/index.html. Retrieved 6 August 2009. 
  46. ^ a b c Khoo, Salma Nasution. [2008] (2008). Sun Yat Sen in Penang. Areca publishing. ISBN9834283482, 9789834283483.
  47. ^ Tang Jiaxuan. [2011] (2011). Heavy Storm and Gentle Breeze: A Memoir of China's Diplomacy. HarperCollins publishing. ISBN 0062067257, 9780062067258.
  48. ^ Nanyang Zonghui bao. The Union Times paper. 11 November 1909 p2.
  49. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (TAIWAN) – News from Missions Abroad". Mofa.gov.tw. 7 August 2011. http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/ct.asp?xItem=54118&ctNode=1905&mp=6. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  50. ^ a b c Bergère & Lloyd: 188
  51. ^ a b 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 No. 5 清. 中華書局. ISBN 962-8885-28-6. p 195-198.
  52. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 210
  53. ^ Carol, Steven. [2009] (2009). Encyclopedia of Days: Start the Day with History. iUniverse publishing. ISBN 0595482368, 9780595482368.
  54. ^ Lane, Roger deWardt. [2008] (2008). Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins. ISBN 0615244793, 9780615244792.
  55. ^ a b Welland, Sasah Su-ling. [2007] (2007). A Thousand miles of dreams: The journeys of two Chinese sisters. Rowman littlefield publishing. ISBN 0742553140, 9780742553149. pg 87.
  56. ^ a b c d Fu, Zhengyuan. [1993] (1993). Autocratic tradition and Chinese politics. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0521442281, 9780521442282. pg 153–154.
  57. ^ Bergère & Lloyd: 226
  58. ^ a b c d Ch'ien Tuan-sheng. The government & politics of China 1912–1949. Stanford university press. ISBN 0804705518, 9780804705516. pg 83–91.
  59. ^ Fairbank, John King. [1983] (1983). The Cambridge history of China: Republican China 1912–1949, Part 1 edition 6. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521235413, 9780521235419. pg 228.
  60. ^ South China morning post. Sun Yat-sen's durable and malleable legacy. 26 April 2011.
  61. ^ South China morning post. 1913–1922. 9 November 2003.
  62. ^ a b Bergère & Lloyd: 273
  63. ^ Kirby, William C. [2000] (2000). State and economy in republican China: a handbook for scholars, volume 1. Harvard publishing. ISBN 0674003683, 9780674003682. pg 59.
  64. ^ a b Tung, William L. [1968] (1968). The political institutions of modern China. Springer publishing. ISBN 1968ISBN9024705525, 9789024705528. p 92. P106.
  65. ^ Robert Payne (2008). Mao Tse-Tung Ruler of Red China. READ BOOKS. p. 22. ISBN 1443725218. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2cSSVPogpoC&pg=PA22&dq=lenin+sun+principles+of+the+people&hl=en&ei=f3mrTMxCgbvyBsatpYEI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=lenin%20sun%20principles%20of%20the%20people&f=false. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  66. ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 237. http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C&q=Lenin,+who+viewed+the+revolutionary+struggle+of+the+Chinese+people+with+great+sympathy,+had+a+high+regard+for+Sun+Yat-sen's+work+and+referred+to+him+as+%22a+revolutionary+democrat,+endowed+with+nobility+and+heroism%22&dq=Lenin,+who+viewed+the+revolutionary+struggle+of+the+Chinese+people+with+great+sympathy,+had+a+high+regard+for+Sun+Yat-sen's+work+and+referred+to+him+as+%22a+revolutionary+democrat,+endowed+with+nobility+and+heroism%22&hl=en&ei=rHmrTPGmNcP48Abx6rykCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  67. ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1982). Great Soviet encyclopedia, Volume 25. Macmillan. http://books.google.com/books?id=mF0NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA237&dq=Lenin,+who+viewed+the+revolutionary+struggle+of+the+Chinese+people+with+great+sympathy,+had+a+high+regard+for+Sun+Yat-sen's+work+and+referred+to+him+as+%22a+revolutionary+democrat,+endowed+with+nobility+and+heroism%22&hl=en&ei=aH-rTLOrOcKC8gaFsZCvCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  68. ^ Bernice A Verbyla (2010). Aunt Mae's China. Xulon Press. p. 170. ISBN 1609574567. http://books.google.com/books?id=lSVK8qxOsG8C&pg=PA170&dq=lenin+sun+principles+of+the+people&hl=en&ei=f3mrTMxCgbvyBsatpYEI&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=lenin%20sun%20principles%20of%20the%20people&f=false. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  69. ^ Gao. James Zheng. [2009] (2009). Historical dictionary of modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow press. ISBN 0810849305, 9780810849303. pg 251.
  70. ^ Spence, Jonathan D. [1990] (1990). The search for modern China. WW Norton & company publishing. ISBN 0393307808, 9780393307801. Pg 345.
  71. ^ Ji, Zhaojin. [2003] (2003). A history of modern Shanghai banking: the rise and decline of China's finance capitalism. M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 0765610035, 9780765610034. pg 165.
  72. ^ Ho, Virgil K.Y. [2005] (2005). Understanding Canton: Rethinking Popular Culture in the Republican Period. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928271-4
  73. ^ Carroll, John Mark. Edge of Empires:Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong. Harvard university press. ISBN 0-674-01701-3
  74. ^ Ma Yuxin. [2010] (2010). Women journalists and feminism in China, 1898–1937. Cambria press. ISBN 1604976608, 9781604976601. pg 156.
  75. ^ Calder, Kent. Ye, Min. [2010] (2010). The Making of Northeast Asia. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804769222, 9780804769228.
  76. ^ "Lost Leader". Time (magazine). 23 March 1925. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,881448,00.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008. "A year ago his death was prematurely announced; but it was not until last January that he was taken to the Rockefeller Hospital at Peking and declared to be in the advanced stages of cancer of the liver." 
  77. ^ "Dr. Sun Yat-sen Dies in Peking. Chinese Leader Had Failed Steadily Since an Operation ? on Jan. 26 for Cancer. Helped To Oust Manchus. Headed the New Government for a Time.". New York Times. 12 March 1925. 
  78. ^ Leinwand, Gerald (2002). 1927: High Tide of the 1920's. Basic Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-56858-245-0. Google Book Search. Retrieved on 14 September 2009.
  79. ^ Dr Yat-Sen Sun at Find a Grave
  80. ^ Uradyn Erden Bulag (2002). Dilemmas The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 51. ISBN 0742511448. http://books.google.com/books?id=g3C2B9oXVbQC&dq=ma+bufang+son&q=genocidal#v=snippet&q=ma%20bufang%20lake%20god%20scarves&f=false. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  81. ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon, Hisao Komatsu, Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 375. ISBN 00415368359. http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA135&dq=china+jihad+japan+xue+chengda&hl=en&ei=Ny-VTPmSKML_lgfw-fCoCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=jiang%20hadith%20jieshi%20leader&f=false. Retrieved 28 June 2010. 
  82. ^ Rosecrance, Richard N. Stein, Arthur A. [2006] (2006). No more states?: globalization, national self-determination, and terrorism.Rowman & Littlefield publishing. ISBN 074253944X, 9780742539440. pg 269.
  83. ^ "孫中山學術研究資訊網 – 國父的家世與求學". Sun.yatsen.gov.tw. 16 November 2005. http://sun.yatsen.gov.tw/content.php?cid=S01_01_02_01. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  84. ^ Marcosson, Isaac Frederick. Turbulent years. [1938] (1938). Ayer publishing. ISBN 0836913051, 9780836913057. P 249.
  85. ^ "Sun Yat-sen's descendant wants to see unified China". News.xinhuanet.com. 11 September 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/11/c_131132949.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  86. ^ Guy, Nancy. [2005] (2005). Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252029739. pg 67.
  87. ^ "Sun Yet Sen Penang Base – News 17". Sunyatsenpenang.com. 19 November 2010. http://www.sunyatsenpenang.com/website/news17.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  88. ^ "Sun Yat-sen’s US birth certificate to be shown". The Taipei Times. 2 October 2011. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/07/03/2003507303. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 
  89. ^ "City to Dedicate Statue and Rename Park to Honor Dr. Sun Yat-Sen". The City and County of Honolulu. 12 November 2007. http://www.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews07/statueandparktohonordrsunyatsennov807.htm. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 
  90. ^ "St. Mary's Square in San Francisco's Chinatown". sanfranciscochinatown.com. Tiger Business Development Inc.. http://www.sanfranciscochinatown.com/attractions/stmaryssquare.html. Retrieved 10 November 2011. 
  91. ^ "Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne". http://www.cysm.org. Chinese Youth Society of Melbourne. http://www.cysm.org/events.html. Retrieved 23 January 2012. 
  92. ^ a b c "Char Asian-Pacific Study Room". Library.kcc.hawaii.edu. 23 June 2009. http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/char/news/archive/newsletter4.htm. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  93. ^ "Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit". Marsrover.nasa.gov. http://marsrover.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20060710a.html. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  94. ^ "Commemoration of 1911 Revolution mounting in China". News.xinhuanet.com. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/13/c_131136497.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  95. ^ "《斜路黃花》向革命者致意". Takungpao.com. http://www.takungpao.com/history/top/2011-04-05/687483.html. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 
  96. ^ "元智大學管理學院". Cm.yzu.edu.tw. http://www.cm.yzu.edu.tw/ebba/news.aspx?tb_index=565. Retrieved 26 September 2011. 
  97. ^ "Opera Dr Sun Yat-sen to stage in Hong Kong". News.xinhuanet.com. 7 September 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-09/07/c_131114060.htm. Retrieved 2 October 2011. 
  98. ^ a b c d Kenneth Tan (3 October 2011). "Granddaughter of Sun Yat-Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy". Shanghaiist. http://shanghaiist.com/2011/10/03/granddaughter_of_sun_yat-sen_accuse.php#photo-1. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 
  99. ^ "国父孙女轰中共扭曲三民主义愚民_多维新闻网" (in (Chinese)). China.dwnews.com. 1 October 2011. http://china.dwnews.com/news/2011-10-01/58179861.html. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 
  100. ^ a b "人民网—孙中山遭辱骂 "台独"想搞"台湾国父"". People's Daily. http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14810/14858/2991721.html. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 
  101. ^ a b "History should be based on facts". The Taipei Times. 5 October 2011. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/11/24/2003212375/1. Retrieved 12 October 2011. 


Political offices
Preceded by
The Xuantong Emperor
(Puyi)
as Emperor of China		 Head of state of China
as President of the Republic of China
Acting
1912		 Succeeded by
Yuan Shih-kai
as President of the Republic of China
Preceded by
Office created		 Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1917–1918		 Succeeded by
Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Himself
as Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China		 Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1918		 Succeeded by
Cen Chunxuan
as Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Cen Chunxuan
as Chairman of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China		 Member of the Governing Committee of the Military Government of Nationalist China
1920–1921		 Succeeded by
Himself
as Extraordinary President of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Generalissimo of the Military Government of Nationalist China		 Extraordinary President of Nationalist China
1921–1922		 Succeeded by
Himself
as Generalissimo of the National Government of Nationalist China
Preceded by
Office created		 Generalissimo of the National Government of Nationalist China
1923–1925		 Succeeded by
Hu Hanmin
Acting
Party political offices
Preceded by
Song Jiaoren
As President of the Kuomintang		 Premier of the Kuomintang
1913–1914		 Succeeded by
Himself
Preceded by
Himself		 Premier of the Kuomintang
1919–1925		 Succeeded by
Zhang Renjie
Provisional Government
(1912–1913)
Sun Yat-sen · Yuan Shikai
Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928
Flag of the Republic of China since 1928
Standard of the President of the Republic of China
Beiyang Government
(1913–1928)
Nationalist Government
(1928–1948)
Constitutional Government
(since 1948)
Italics indicates acting President
Song Jiaoren • Sun Yat-sen • Zhang Renji • Hu Hanmin • Wang Jingwei • Chiang Kai-shek • Chiang Ching-kuo • Lee Teng-hui • Lien Chan • Ma Ying-jeou • Chiang Pin-kung (acting) • Wu Po-hsiung • Ma Ying-jeou
Emblem of the Kuomintang
Warlord era in early Republic of China (1916–1930)
Main events (1916–1920) Main events (1920–1930) Northern Factions Southern Factions


This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

 
 
Related topics:
Hu Han-min (Chinese statesman)
Wang Jingwei (Chinese politician)
Zhongshan (city, China)

Related answers:
What is Sun Yat-sen\'s birthday? Read answer...
What did sun yat-sen believe in? Read answer...
When was Sun Yat-sen born? Read answer...

Help us answer these:
Who opposed Sun Yat-sen?
Who suceeded sun yat-sen?
Significance of Sun Yat-sen?

Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:

 

Copyrights:

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
$copyright.smallImage.alttext Gale Encyclopedia of Biography. Gale Encyclopedia of Biography. © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.  Read more
 Rhymes. Oxford University Press. © 2006, 2007 All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Sun Yat-sen.  Read more

Related answers
» More
Answer these
» More
Follow us
Facebook Twitter
YouTube

Mentioned in

» More» More