Swainson's thrush

Swainson's Thrush
Adult
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Turdidae
Genus:	Catharus
Species:	C. ustulatus
Binomial name
Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840)
Synonyms
Hylocichla swainsonii

Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), also called Olive-backed Thrush, is a medium-sized thrush. This species is 16–18 cm in length, and has the white-dark-white underwing patterm characteristic of Catharus thrushes. Swainson's Thrush was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist.

The breeding habitat of Swainson's Thrush is coniferous woods with dense undergrowth across Canada, Alaska and the northern United States, also deciduous wooded areas on the Pacific coast of North America.

These birds migrate to southern Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The coastal subspecies migrate down the Pacific coast of North America and winter from Mexico to Costa Rica, whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within North America (a substantial detour) and then travel southwards via Florida to winter from Panama to Bolivia. Swainson's Thrush is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

This species may be displaced by the Hermit Thrush where their ranges overlap. Possibly, the latter species adapts more readily to human encroachment upon its habitat. At least in the winter quarters, Swainson's Thrush tends to keep away from areas of human construction and other activity.

Description

Adults are brown on the upperparts. The underparts are white with brown on the flanks; the breast is lighter brown with darker spots. They have pink legs and a light brown eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more reddish-brown. This bird's song is a hurried series of flute-like tones spiralling upwards.

Diet

They forage on the forest floor, also in trees. Swainson's Thrushes mainly eat insects, fruits and berries^[1]. They make a cup nest on a horizontal tree branch.

Subspecies

Four subspecies are recognised, Cathartus ustulatus alame, C. u. swainsoni, C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus. Subspecies Cathartus ustulatus alame and C. u. swainsoni summer east of the British Columbian Coast Mountains, the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus summer west of these ranges. There is a small area of overlap in the Coast Mountains. Recent molecular systematics work^[2] confirms that these two pairs of subspecies form two genetically distinct clades, referred to as the continental and coastal clades, which diverged during the Late Pleistocene era, probably about 10,000 years ago as the last ice age came to its end and habitats shifted across North America.

The genetic differences between the subspecies, and the circuitous migratory route of the continental birds, strongly suggest that these species underwent a rapid range expansion following the end of the last ice age, with populations originally summering in the south-east of North America expanding their ranges northwards and westwards as the ice retreated. Details of the molecular genetic analysis support the hypothesis of rapid expansion of both coastal and continental populations. The current migratory routes of the continental birds, especially the western populations, are not optimal in ecological terms, and presumably represent an inherited, historical route pattern that has not yet adapted to the birds' modern population locations.

These results nonwithstanding, analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 as well as nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 sequence data^[3] shows that Swainson's Thrush is the most ancient North American species of its genus; it is not closely related to other Catharus and the outward similarities with the other North American species are due to convergent evolution.

Footnotes

1. ^ Out of the wide range of fruit eaten by this bird, those of Cymbopetalum mayanum (Annonaceae) and especially Trophis racemosa (Moraceae) are well-liked whenever available in the winter quarters. However, they are generally not taken from feeders or disturbed habitat: Foster (2007)
2. ^ Ruegg & Smith (2002)
3. ^ Winker & Pruett (2006)

References

• BirdLife International (2004). Catharus ustulatus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
• Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45-61. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554 PDF fulltext
• Ruegg, K. C., & Smith, T.B. (2002). Not as the crow flies: a historical explanation for circuitous migration in Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus). Proc. R. Soc. B 269(1498) 1375-1381. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2032 PDF fulltext
• Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L. (2006): Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae). Auk 123(4): 1052-1068. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Catharus ustulatus

• Swainson's Thrush Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Swainson's Thrush Information and Photos - South Dakota Birds and Birding
• Swainson's Thrush - Catharus ustulatus - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Bird Intelligence: Swainson's Thrush
• Example of call Turdidae: Thrushes- naturesongs.com