At the beginning of the Tertiary period, mammals replaced
reptiles as the dominant vertebrates. Each epoch of the Tertiary
was marked by striking developments in mammalian life. The earliest
recognizable hominoid relatives of humans, Proconsul and
Australopithecus, also. Modern types of birds, reptiles,
amphibians, fish, and invertebrates were either already numerous at
the beginning of the period or appeared early in its history.
Modern families of flowering plants evolved. Marine invertebrates
and non-mammal marine vertebrates experienced only modest
evolution.