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tetracycline

 
American Heritage Dictionary:

tet·ra·cy·cline

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(tĕt'rə-sī'klēn', -klĭn) pronunciation
n.
  1. A yellow crystalline compound, C22H24N2O8, synthesized or derived from certain microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and used as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
  2. An antibiotic, such as chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, having the same basic structure.

[TETRA- + CYCL(IC) + -INE2.]


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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:

tetracycline

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Any of a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics with a common basic structure, including doxycycline. They may be isolated directly from several species of actinomycetes of the genus Streptomyces or modified from the compounds isolated. They are the drugs of choice in the treatment of cholera, rickettsial infections (see rickettsia), psittacosis, brucellosis, and tularemia; tetracyclines are also used in the treatment of acne. Overuse of these and other antibiotics has led to drug resistance in microorganisms.

For more information on tetracycline, visit Britannica.com.

Oxford Food & Nutrition Dictionary:

tetracyclines

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A group of closely related antibiotics including tetracycline, oxytetracycline (terramycin), and aureomycin. The last two are used in some countries for preserving food and as growth improvers, added to animal feed at the rate of a few mg per tonne.

Drug Info:

Tetracycline

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Brand names: Emtet™, Panmycin™, Sumycin, Sumycin®, Tetra 250™

Chemical formula:



Tetracycline skin ointment

What is tetracycline skin ointment?

TETRACYCLINE (Achromycin®) is an antibiotic. Tetracycline ointment stops the growth of certain bacteria that cause skin infections from minor cuts, burns, and wounds. Generic tetracycline skin ointment is not available.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
• an unusual or allergic reaction to tetracycline antibiotics, sulfites, other foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Tetracycline skin ointment is only for external use on the skin. Do not take by mouth. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Wash hands before and after use. Wash the affected area with soap and water, rinse well and pat dry. Apply a thin layer of the ointment to the affected area as often as prescribed by your prescriber or health care professional. You can cover the area with a sterile gauze dressing (bandage). Finish the full course prescribed by your prescriber or health care professional even if you think your condition is better.

Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.

What drug(s) may interact with tetracycline?

• other antibiotic medicines

Do not use corticosteroid skin products (such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and prednisolone) at the same time as this medicine as they can cover up problems. Do not use any other skin products without telling your prescriber or health care professional. Check before starting or stopping any of your medicines or non-prescription products.

What should I watch for while taking tetracycline?

Tell your prescriber or health care professional if your skin does not improve in 2 weeks.

Do not get the ointment in your eyes; if you do, rinse out with plenty of cool tap water.

Do not use this medicine on deep wounds, or serious burns.

This medicine can color your skin yellow. This color will wash off with soap and water, but you should leave the medicine on the skin as long as you can. This yellow color will look worse under ultraviolet light. If you are going to a disco where they use this kind of light, either wash off the medicine before you go, or apply afterwards.

Keep the ointment off your clothes; it can stain them.

What side effects may I notice from using tetracycline?

Side effects with tetracycline skin products are rare. They include:
• skin redness, swelling, pain, blistering or peeling

Where can I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F); do not freeze. Protect from light. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.

Last updated: 7/1/2002

Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.

Oxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs:

tetracyclines

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A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics whose value has decreased since many infective organisms have developed resistance to them. However, they are still the treatment of choice against Chlamydia bacteria (which cause a variety of diseases, notably sexually transmitted infections, parrot disease, and eye infections), rickettsias (which cause Q fever and typhus), and mycoplasmas (bacteria that cause respiratory and genital infections). They are also used to treat brucellosis, Lyme disease, acne, gum disease, and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Tetracyclines act by inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive organisms. See demeclocycline hydrochloride; doxycycline; lymecycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline hydrochloride.

Side effects:
include nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, and visual disturbances. If a rash occurs, treatment should be discontinued. A rash on exposure to sunlight may occur in rare cases.

Precautions:
the tetracyclines are deposited in growing bones and teeth, causing discoloration. For this reason they should not be taken by children under 12 years old or by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Absorption of most tetracyclines (except doxycycline and minocycline) from the stomach is reduced in the presence of milk and other dairy products. Most tetracyclines (except doxycycline and minocycline) can exacerbate kidney failure and should not be taken by people with kidney disease. They should also be avoided by people with porphyris.

Interactions with other drugs:

Antacids reduce the absorption of tetracyclines.
Anticoagulants the effects of warfarin, acenocoumarol, and phenindione may be enhanced by tetracyclines.
Calcium salts: reduce the absorption of tetracyclines.
Iron salts (oral): reduce the absorption of tetracyclines.
Oral contraceptives: there is a small risk that tetracyclines may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.
Retinoids may increase pressure in the brain and should not be used with tetracyclines.
Zinc salts: reduce the absorption of tetracyclines.

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Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health:

Tetracyclines

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Definition

Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics that are useful in treatment of many bacterial infections.

Description

Tetracyclines are called broad-spectrum antibiotics because they can be used to treat a wide variety of infections. Physicians may prescribe these drugs to treat eye infections, pneumonia, gonorrhea, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, urinary tract infections, certain bacteria that could be used in biological weapons, and other infections caused by bacteria. The medicine is also used to treat acne. The tetracyclines will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses. Tetracyclines are generally a low-cost alternative among antibiotics.

There are five drugs in the tetracycline class:

  • demeclocycline
  • doxycycline
  • minocycline
  • oxytetracycline
  • tetracycline

General Use

All tetracyclines are used for treatment of infections in patients over the age of eight years. They may be used in several forms, including capsules, injections, ointments, eye and ear drops.

Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic. They do not kill bacteria; they prevent bacteria from growing, so that the body's natural defenses are better able to deal with an infection. For this reason, tetracyclines are not used in patients with impaired immune systems.

Although all tetracyclines are similar, and can do most of the same work, there are some differences. Doxycycline requires only one dose a day and can be used even when the patient has kidney problems. Demeclocycline and minocycline penetrate the skin better than other tetracyclines and may be preferred for treatment of acne. Demeclocycline is effective for the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIDAH), although it is not officially approved for this purpose.

In addition to their role in treating infections, tetracyclines have a wide range of other uses. These include protection against some types of malaria and treatment of some of the infections that might be used in bioterrorism. Some tetracycline derivatives have been useful in cancer therapy. Tetracyclines have been useful in prevention of gum diseases of the mouth.

Precautions

Tetracyclines should normally not be used in children under the age of eight because some tetracyclines can be absorbed into the bones and teeth and give the teeth a mottled appearance. Some experts believe that tetracyclines should be avoided in children younger than ten.

Side Effects

Not all tetracyclines have the same side effects, but the following list includes some of the most common problems:

  • dizziness and lightheadedness
  • diarrhea
  • stomach upset
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • photosensitivity
  • fungus infections
  • tooth discoloration
  • mouth irritation
  • skin discoloration

On rare occasions tetracyclines may cause more severe adverse effects, including kidney damage and drug-induced lupus.

Patients taking tetracyclines should avoid prolonged sun exposure. Standard sunscreens are not adequate to protect against severe sunburn in patients taking tetracyclines.

Interactions

Tetracyclines should not be used at the same time the patient is receiving a live vaccine. The antibiotics may prevent the vaccine from growing, and this may keep the vaccine from producing immunity.

Moreover, tetracyclines may reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Many antibiotics share tetracyclines' interaction with neuromuscular blocking agents. Tetracyclines should not be used at the same time as neuromuscular blocking agents since the antibiotics can increase the strength of the neuromuscular blocker, which can make breathing difficult. While this interaction is severe, it is rare, since the neuromuscular blocking agents are usually used only in surgery.

Tetracyclines should not be taken at the same time as foods containing calcium or foods containing iron, magnesium, or aluminum. The metals bind to the tetracycline, and the combination has reduced effect on bacteria.

The common interaction between tetracyclines and minerals can be avoided by taking tetracycline on an empty stomach, one hour before or two hours after meals, with water.

Parental Concerns

Although it is recommended that tetracyclines not be given to children under the age of eight, the drug is sometimes required in severe infections. Tetracyclines may be required for children who have developed infections either in hospitals or while traveling overseas.

Parents should carefully check the expiration date of tetracycline and not use the drug past the expiration date. Expired tetracycline has been known to cause a severe kidney problem called Fanconi syndrome. Expired tetracycline should be disposed of, not saved.

Because tetracyclines can cause photosensitization, patients taking these drugs should use sunscreen and avoid direct sunlight.

Because of their interaction with metals, tetracyclines should always be taken on an empty stomach with only water. Patients should particularly avoid calcium-containing dairy products and antacids as well as multivitamin-mineral supplements.

Tetracyclines inhibit the growth of many bacteria and other microorganisms which can lead to overgrowth of other microorganisms. Possible symptoms are discoloration of the tongue and diarrhea. Parents should report these problems to the prescriber immediately.

Parents should alert all health-care professionals about all drugs their children are taking. Both tetracycline and oral contraceptives are used to treat acne in teenage girls, but these drugs should not be used together.

See also Penicillins.

Resources

Books

Beers, Mark H., and Robert Berkow, eds. The Merck Manual, 2nd home ed. West Point, PA: Merck & Co., 2004.

Mcevoy, Gerald K., et al. AHFS Drug Information 2004. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Healthsystems Pharmacists, 2004.

Siberry, George K., and Robert Iannone, eds. The Harriet Lane Handbook, 15th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2000.

Periodicals

Black, Douglas J., and Allan Ellsworth. "Practical overview of antibiotics for family physicians." Clinics in Family Practice 6, no. 1 (March 2004): 265–89.

Cronquist, Steven D. "Tularemia: The disease and the weapon." Dermatologic Clinics 22, no. 3 (July 2004): 313–320.

Izzedine, Hassane, et al. "Drug-induced Fanconi's syndrome." American Journal of Kidney Disease 41, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 292–309.

Sanfilippo, Angela M., et al. "Common pediatric and adolescent skin conditions." Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 269–83.

Thompson, Matthew J., and Christopher Sanford. "Travel-related infections in primary care." Clinics in Family Practice 6, no. 1 (March 2004): 235–64.

Organizations

American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007–1098. Web site: www.aap.org.

Web Sites

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. Available online at www.medscape.com/viewpublication/769_index (accessed September 30, 2004).

[Article by: Samuel Uretsky, PharmD]


Columbia Encyclopedia:

tetracycline

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tetracycline (tĕ'trəsī'klēn), any of a group of antibiotics produced by bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. They are effective against a wide range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, interfering with protein synthesis in these microorganisms (see Gram's stain). Tetracycline is used to treat rickettsial bacterial infections such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, some eye, respiratory, intestinal, and urinary infections, some kinds of acne, and some diseases where the infecting microorganism is resistant to penicillin (see drug resistance). Tetracycline may cause permanent discoloration of developing teeth, and it is not given to pregnant and lactating women and growing children. Because of the development of strains of microorganisms resistant to the tetracyclines, these antibiotics have lost some of their usefulness. Aureomycin is a trade name for the derivative chlortetracycline, and Terramycin is a trade name for oxytetracycline.

Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry:

tetracycline

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  1. any of a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are also effective against rickettsial organisms, mycoplasmas, and certain protozoa. Their bacteriostatic activity depends on the direct inhibition of protein synthesis. They are active against protein synthesis on bacterial 70S or eukaryotic 80S ribosomes although 70S ribosomes are rather more sensitive. The tetracyclines are much more effective in intact bacteria than in eukaryotic cells because of selective absorption by bacterial cells. They inhibit the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the ribosome.
  2. any antibiotic based on the tetracycline nucleus (see polyketide). They include aureomycin (7-chlortetracycline); terramycin (5-oxytetracycline); declomycin (6-demethyl-7-chlorotetracycline); doxycycline (6-deoxy-5-oxytetracycline). See also tetracycline resistant.




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Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:

tetracycline

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An antibiotic produced by cultures of Streptomyces aureofaciens and S. rimosus. It is effective against many different microorganisms, including rickettsiae, certain viruses, and both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. Preparations include chlortetracycline hydrochloride (Aureomycin), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (Terramycin), tetracycline hydrochloride (Achromycin), and demethylchlortetracycline (Declomycin). Administration of these compounds is associated with pigmentation of developing teeth and bones, and in horses with a severe colitis.

  • t. stain — discoloration of dentine and enamel caused by systemic treatment with tetracycline during dental development; usually yellow to brown or green to gray.
Mosby's Dental Dictionary:

tetracycline

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(te′trəsī′klēn)
n

An antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces. Its administration during tooth formation may lead to enamel discoloration.

Random House Word Menu:

categories related to 'tetracycline'

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Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier
For a list of words related to tetracycline, see:
  • PHARMACOLOGY - tetracycline: antibiotic compound effective against wide variety of bacterial infections

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Tetracycline

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This article is about the specific antibiotic called tetracycline. For other uses, see tetracycline antibiotics.
 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011)
Tetracycline
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(4S,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxonaphthacene-2-carboxamide
OR
(4S,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide
Clinical data
Trade names Sumycin
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a682098
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy cat. D(AU) D(US)
Legal status ℞ Prescription only
Routes oral, topical (skin & eye), im, iv
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60-80% Oral, while fasting
<40% Intramuscular
Metabolism Not metabolised
Half-life 6-11 hours
Excretion Fecal and Renal
Identifiers
CAS number 60-54-8 YesY
64-75-5 (hydrochloride)
ATC code A01AB13 D06AA04 J01AA07 S01AA09 S02AA08 S03AA02 QG01AA90 QG51AA02 QJ51AA07
PubChem CID 643969
DrugBank DB00759
ChemSpider 10257122 YesY
UNII F8VB5M810T YesY
KEGG D00201 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:27902 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL1440 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C22H24N2O8 
Mol. mass 444.435 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
 YesY(what is this?)  (verify)

Tetracycline (INN) (play /ˌtɛtrəˈsaɪkliːn/) is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the 4-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same 4-ring system.

Contents

Mechanism of action

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Tetracyclines bind to the 30S subunit of microbial ribosomes. They inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the attachment of charged aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site on the ribosome. Thus, they prevent introduction of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain.[1] The action is usually inhibitory and reversible upon withdrawal of the drug. Resistance to the tetracyclines results from changes in permeability of the microbial cell envelope. In susceptible cells, the drug is concentrated from the environment and does not readily leave the cells. In resistant cells, the drug is not actively transported into the cells or leaves it so rapidly that inhibitory concentrations are not maintained. This is often plasmid-controlled. Mammalian cells are not vulnerable to the effect of tetracyclines, as these contain no 30S ribosomal subunits and therefore do not accumulate the drug.

History

The tetracyclines are a large family of antibiotics that were discovered as natural products by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1945 and first described in 1948.[2] Under Yellapragada Subbarao, Benjamin Duggar made his discovery of the first tetracycline antibiotic, chlortetracycline (Aureomycin), at Lederle Laboratories in 1945.[3]

In 1950, Harvard Professor Robert Woodward determined the chemical structure of the related substance, oxytetracycline (Terramycin); the patent protection for its fermentation and production was also first issued in 1950. A research team of seven scientists (K.J. Brunings, Francis A. Hochstein, C.R. Stephens, L.H. Conover, Abraham Bavley, Richard Pasternack, and Peter P. Regna) at Pfizer,[4][5] in collaboration with Woodward, participated in the two-year research leading to the discovery.[6]

Pfizer was of the view that it deserved the right to a patent on tetracycline and filed its Conover application in October 1952. Cyanamid filed its Boothe Morton application for similar rights in March 1953, while Heyden Chemicals filed its Minieri application in September 1953, named after scientist P. Paul Minieri, to obtain a patent on tetracycline and its fermentation process. This resulted in tetracycline litigation in which the winner would have to prove beyond reasonable doubt of priority invention and tetracycline’s natural state.[7]

Nubian mummies studied in the 1990s were found to contain significant levels of tetracycline; there is evidence that the beer brewed at the time could have been the source.[8] Tetracycline sparked the development of many chemically altered antibiotics, so has proved to be one of the most important discoveries made in the field of antibiotics.[citation needed] It is used to treat many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.[citation needed] Like some other antibiotics, it is also used in the treatment of acne.[citation needed]

Cautions, contraindications, side effects

Are as those of the tetracycline antibiotics group:[citation needed]

  • Can stain developing teeth (even when taken by the mother during pregnancy)
  • Can cause permanent teeth discoloration (yellow-gray-brown); infancy and childhood to eight years old
  • Inactivated by Ca2+ ion, not to be taken with milk, yogurt, and other dairy products
  • Inactivated by aluminium, iron and zinc, not to be taken at the same time as indigestion remedies
  • Inactivated by common antacids and over-the-counter heartburn medicines
  • Skin photo-sensitivity; exposure to the sun or intense light is not recommended
  • Drug-induced lupus, and hepatitis
  • Can induce microvesicular fatty liver
  • Tinnitus
  • May interfere with methotrexate by displacing it from the various protein binding sites
  • Can cause breathing complications as well as anaphylactic shock in some individuals
  • Should be avoided during pregnancy, as it may affect bone growth of the fetus
  • Caution should be exercised in long term use with breastfeeding. Short-term use is safe; bioavailability in milk is low to nil.[9]

In 2010, the FDA added tetracycline to its Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS).[10] The AERS contains a list of medications under investigation by the FDA for potential safety issues. The list is published quarterly and available online. The AERS cites a potential link between the use of tetracycline products and Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme.[10]

Indications

It is first-line therapy for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia), Q fever (Coxiella), psittacosis and lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia), and to eradicate nasal carriage of meningococci. Tetracycline tablets were used in the plague outbreak in India in 1992.[11]

Doxycycline is also one (of many) recommended drugs for chemoprophylatic treatment of malaria in travels to areas of the world where malaria is endemic.[12]

Other uses

Since tetracycline is absorbed into bone, it is used as a marker of bone growth for biopsies in humans. Tetracycline labeling is used to determine the amount of bone growth within a certain period of time, usually a period of approximately 21 days. Tetracycline is incorporated into mineralizing bone and can be detected by its fluorescence.[13] In "double tetracycline labeling", a second dose is given 11–14 days after the first dose, and the amount of bone formed during that interval can be calculated by measuring the distance between the two fluorescent labels.[14]

Tetracycline is also used as a biomarker in wildlife to detect consumption of medicine- or vaccine-containing baits.[15]

In genetic engineering, tetracycline is used in transcriptional activation. Tetracycline is also one of the antibiotics used to treat ulcers caused by bacterial infections. In cancer research at Harvard Medical School, tetracycline has been used to switch off leukemia in genetically altered mice, and to do so reliably, when added to their drinking water.[16]

Cell culture

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Tetracycline is used in cell biology as a selective agent in cell culture systems. It is toxic to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and selects for cells harboring the bacterial tetr gene, which encodes a 399-amino acid membrane-associated protein. This protein actively exports tetracycline from the cell, rendering cells harboring this gene more resistant to the drug. The yellow crystalline powder can be dissolved in water (20 mg/ml) or ethanol (5 mg/ml), and is routinely used at 10 mg/l in cell culture. In cell culture at 37 °C (99 °F), it is stable for days, with a half-life of approximately 24 hours.

Notes

  1. ^ Mechanism of Action of Tetracyclines
  2. ^ Klajn, Rafal, Chemistry and chemical biology of tetracyclines, retrieved 20 June 2007.
  3. ^ Jukes, Thomas H. Some historical notes on chlortetracycline. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 7(5):702-707 (1985).
  4. ^ "Coronagraph Mounts Done". The Science News 62 (6): 83. 1952. doi:10.2307/3931295. JSTOR 3931295. 
  5. ^ "Scientists Discover Terramycin's Secret: Its Complex Structure". http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/107482962.html?dids=107482962:107482962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+28%2C+1952&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Scientists+Discover+Terramycin's+Secret%3A+Its+Complex+Structure&pqatl=google. 
  6. ^ {{Cite journal Prior to 1952, neither the molecular structure of Terramycin nor that of Aureomycin was known. In the spring of 1952 the Pfizer team succeeded in ascertaining the structures of both Terramycin and Aureomycin. Shortly thereafter, L.H. Conover discovered that another antibiotic, tetracycline, could be produced by the deschlorination of Aureomycin. Pfizer filed the application for a product and process patent on tetracycline in October 1952, and in March 1953 Cyanamid filed its Boothe-Morton application for a similar patent. In addition to these two applications, in September 1953, Heyden Chemical Corporation filed for a patent on tetracycline and the fermentation process for producing it in the name of P. Paul Minieri, and in October 1953, Bristol filed a similar application under the name of Heinemann. Because of an agreement among the major drug companies to cross-license tetracyline, Fair Trade Practices litigation was initiated which was not resolved until 1982. The Federal Trade Commission argued that Pfizer, American Cyanamid (successor to Heyden), Bristol-Myers and others had conspired to fix prices for the new antibiotic. The FTC had argued that because tetracycline was produced through fermentation, rather than synthetically, that it was not patentable, and its distribution was subject to pricing fixing challenge. The FTC also argued that tetracycline was not patentable because of its production through fermentation. | last1 = Hochstein | first1 = F. A. | last2 = Stephens | first2 = C. R. | last3 = Conover | first3 = L. H. | last4 = Regna | first4 = P. P. | last5 = Pasternack | first5 = R. | last6 = Gordon | first6 = P. N. | last7 = Pilgrim | first7 = F. J. | last8 = Brunings | first8 = K. J. | last9 = Woodward | first9 = R. B. | title = The structure of terramycin | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society | volume = 75 | issue = 22 | pages = 5455–75 | year = 1953 | month = November | doi = 10.1021/ja01118a001 }}
  7. ^ Patented Feb 7, 1956 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tetracycline.pdf
  8. ^ George Armelagos (May 2000). "Take Two Beers and Call Me in 1,600 Years - use of tetracycline by Nubians and Ancient Egyptians". American Museum of Natural History. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_4_109/ai_62324477. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  9. ^ Riordan,Jan."Breastfeeding & Human Lactation",Jones & Bartlett,2010 p.179
  10. ^ a b FDA Adverse Events Reporting System Retrieved on January 14, 2011
  11. ^ Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology, 4th ed. Harvery RA, Champe, PC. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2009
  12. ^ Chapter 2 - Malaria - 2010 Yellow Book | CDC Travelers' Health
  13. ^ Mayton CA. Tetracycline labeling of bone
  14. ^ The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. > Tetracycline Labeling Last updated January 8, 2001.
  15. ^ Olson CA, Mitchell KD, Werner PA (October 2000). "Bait ingestion by free-ranging raccoons and nontarget species in an oral rabies vaccine field trial in Florida". J. Wildl. Dis. 36 (4): 734–43. PMID 11085436. http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/36/4/734. 
  16. ^ William J. Cromie (February 10, 2000). "Researchers Switch Cancer Off and On -- In Mice". Harvard Gazette. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2000/02.10/leukemia.html. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 
Stomatological preparations (A01)
Caries prophylactic agents
Anti-infectives and antiseptics
Corticosteroids (Glucocorticoids)
Other
Antibiotics
Tetracycline and derivatives
Others
Chemotherapeutics
Other

M: INT, SF, LCT

noco(i/b/d/q/u/r/p/m/k/v/f)/cong/tumr(n/e/d), sysi/epon

proc, drug (D2/3/4/5/8/11)
Acne-treating agents (D10)
Antibacterial
Keratolytic
Anti-inflammatory
Antibiotics
Hormonal
Retinoids
Combinations
30S
-mycin (Streptomyces)
Tetracyclines
50S
EF-G
Steroid antibacterials

M: BAC

drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)
Anti-infectives
Corticosteroids
Analgesics and anesthetics

M: EAR

anat(e/p)/phys/devp

proc, drug(S2)

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American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Oxford Food & Nutrition Dictionary. A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Copyright © 1995, 2003, 2005 by A. E. Bender and D. A. Bender. All rights reserved.  Read more
Drug Info. Gold Standard. Copyright © 2008 by Gold Standard. All rights reserved.  Read more
 Oxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs. Market University Press. © 2000, 2003, 2010 An A-Z of Medicinal Drugs. All rights reserved.  Read more
$copyright.smallImage.alttext Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health. © 2006 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.  Read more
 Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry. Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.  Read more
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Random House Word Menu. © 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier. Write Brothers Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Tetracycline.  Read more

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