The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by
Ayn Rand. It was Rand's first major literary success and its royalties and movie rights brought her fame and financial security. The book's
title is a reference to Rand's statement that "man's ego is the fountainhead of
human progress".
The Fountainhead examines the life of an idealistic young architect, Howard Roark,
who chooses to struggle in obscurity rather than compromise his artistic and personal vision by pandering to the prevailing taste
in building design. The book was rejected by twelve publishers before a young editor,
Archibald Ogden, at the Bobbs-Merrill Company publishing house wired to the head
office, "If this is not the book for you, then I am not the editor for you." Despite generally negative reviews from the
contemporary media, the book gained a following by word of mouth and sold hundreds of thousands of copies. The
Fountainhead was made into a Hollywood film in 1949, with Gary Cooper in the lead role of Howard Roark, and a
screenplay by Rand herself.
Plot
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Howard Roark, a brilliant young architect, is expelled from architecture school for refusing to abide its outdated traditions.
He goes to New York City to work for Henry Cameron, a disgraced architect whom Roark admires. Roark’s highly successful
schoolmate, Peter Keating, moves to New York and goes to work for the prestigious architectural firm Francon & Heyer, run by
the famous Guy Francon. Roark and Cameron create beautiful work, but their projects rarely receive recognition, whereas Keating’s
ability to flatter and please brings him almost instant success. In just a few years, he becomes a partner at the firm, after he
causes Francon’s previous partner, Lucius Heyer, to suffer a fatal stroke on being threatened by Keating's blackmail. Henry
Cameron retires, financially ruined, and after signing a contract with Austen Heller, Roark opens his own small office. His
unwillingness to compromise his designs in order to satisfy clients eventually forces him to close down the office and take a job
at a granite quarry in Connecticut owned by Francon.
Keating has always been in love with Catherine Halsey, the niece of Ellsworth Toohey, a columnist for The New York
Banner and author of the popular column One Small Voice. Though Peter and Katie have both acknowledged that they would
one day marry each other, they sometimes go months at a time without seeing each other. While engaging in various high society
social functions, Peter is introduced to Francon's daughter Dominique. She is beautiful, temperamental and idealistic; and works
as a columnist for the Banner. Peter finds himself physically attracted to Dominique, and wants her if just for the social
benefit the relationship would bring. Dominique engages in the relationship for her own undisclosed reasons, but then leaves for
one of her regular extended getaways and finds herself at the family home in the same Connecticut town where Roark is working the
quarry.
While Roark is working in the quarry, he encounters Dominique. There is an immediate physical attraction between the two of
them. Dominique visits the quarry frequently to tempt Roark and requests that he be the one to repair some marble around the
fireplace in her bedroom that she intentionally marred. He starts the work and subtly suggests to Miss Francon that she prey on
someone in her own class. But she persists. When the repairs are complete, Roark and Dominique have sex. There is controversy as
to whether or not it was an act of rape. While Dominique later tells Wynand that Roark raped her, Rand herself has addressed the
controversy by stating "if it was rape, it was rape by engraved invitation."
Dominique has now discovered a person she not only desires but who she cannot resist. But when she looks for Roark, he has
left the quarry to design a building for a prominent New York businessman, Roger Enright. At this point she doesn't even know
Roark's name.
Roark is being noted in the press for the stunning building he has designed. However, Ellsworth Toohey sees Roark as a threat.
He is an undercover socialist and is covertly rising to power by shaping public opinion through his column and circle of
influential associates. He seeks to prevent men from excelling by teaching that talent and ability are to be used only for the
benefit of the masses and not for personal gain, and that the greatest virtue is self-sacrifice. Toohey sets out to destroy
Roark. Toohey is planning to incite the public against Roark through a smear campaign he spearheads at "The Banner."
Roark's building is finished. The building's owner hosts a gala inviting all the who's who of the town including Toohey and
other critics. This is where Dominique and Roark meet again and she realizes that the brilliant architect she admired and took a
stand for was the man she was involved with in Connecticut.
Dominique and Roark begin to meet in secret. Dominique urges Roark to give up his ideals, afraid that the public will reject
and destroy him because of his greatness, his talent, his character, his ideals. However, Roark has never been afraid of or moved
by public opinion. He tells Dominique that he won't have anything to do with her because she's afraid.
After not seeing Katie for several months, Peter pays her a visit. They had become engaged some time earlier, but Peter tells
her they will be married the next day. That evening, Dominique pays Peter a visit, and makes him a one-time offer of her hand in
marriage. Peter accepts, and they are married that evening. Dominique turns her entire will over to Peter, hosting the dinners he
wants, agreeing with him, and saying whatever he wants her to say. She fights Roark, and herds all of his potential clients over
to Peter.
Still out to destroy Roark, Toohey convinces a weak-minded businessman named Hopton Stoddard to hire Roark as the designer for
a temple dedicated to the human spirit. Roark designs the temple, with a naked statue of Dominique (carved by a man who attempted
to kill Toohey), which creates the first public outcry towards Howard. At Roark’s trial, every prominent architect in New York
testifies that Roark’s style is unorthodox and illegitimate. Dominique defends Howard for the very first time, but Stoddard wins
the case and Roark loses his business again.
Gail Wynand, owner of the Banner, believes he is in firm control of public opinion. People believe anything that is
written in his paper, even if it is blatantly false. Born in Hell's Kitchen and a member of a gang while growing up, he forces
himself into the Gazette, eventually taking over and building up his empire. Wynand decides to build an ambitious real
estate project, and because of the Depression, every architect of fame wants it. In order to sell the job to Peter, Toohey sends
Wynand the Stoddard statue as a gift. This prompts Wynand to meet with Peter and Dominique, and promises to give the project to
Keating in exchange for letting Dominique take a yacht tour with him. On the tour, Wynand asks Dominique to marry him, and she
agrees to leave Peter.
Meanwhile, despite bad publicity, Roark finds himself with periodic work. He is given a hotel project called the Aquitania
that goes bankrupt and is not completed for years. Later, he is asked to design a resort called Monodnack Valley, which is noted
for its privacy, and is intended by the owners, in an act of fraud, to be a failure. However, the resort is a success, and Roark
finds himself (perhaps for the first time) on the favored end of public opinion. Wynand finds that every building he likes is
done by Roark, so he enlists Howard to build him a home. The home is built, and Howard and Gail become great friends, though
Wynand does not know about his past relationship with Dominique.
Now washed up and out of the public eye, Peter realizes he is a failure, and rather than accept retirement, he pleads with
Ellsworth for commission to build the much sought after Cortland housing project. Peter knows that his most successful projects
were aided by Roark, and he knows Roark is the only person who can design Cortland. Howard agrees to design it in exchange for
complete anonymity and the agreement that it would be built exactly as he designed.
When Roark returns from a spring-long yacht trip with Wynand, he finds that, despite the agreement, the Cortlandt Homes
project has been changed. Roark asks Dominique to distract the night watchman and dynamites the building. When the police arrive,
he submits without resistance. The entire country condemns Roark, but Wynand finally finds the courage to follow his convictions
and orders his newspapers to defend him. The Banner’s circulation drops and the workers go on strike, but Wynand keeps
printing with Dominique’s help. Eventually, Wynand gives in and denounces Roark. At the trial, Roark seems doomed, but he rouses
the courtroom with a statement about the value of selfishness and the need to remain true to oneself. Roark describes the
triumphant role of creators and the price they pay at the hands of corrupt societies. The jury finds him not guilty. Roark
marries Dominique. Wynand asks Roark to design one last building, a skyscraper that will testify to the supremacy of man.
Characters
The major characters in the novel all represent different types of people, and essentially exist to contrast Howard Roark, who
is Rand's image of the perfect man (and, to a lesser extent, contrast Toohey, who is shown as the absolute evil). Roark is the
man who was 'as man should be,' who lives for himself and his own creativity, indifferent to the opinions of others. Dominique
Francon is presented as the perfect mistress/priestess for Roark. Over the course of the novel she must learn not to fear society
and not to let its flaws hinder her integrity. Gail Wynand is the 'man who could have been,' who rises from the poverty of his
youth into an extremely rich and powerful position, but uses his superlative talent not to create for himself, but to control
others, which leads to his own demise. Peter Keating is 'the man who couldn't be, and doesn't know it,' who wants to achieve as
well as make a name for himself, but lives off the support and condolence of others, which is what leads to his demise. Ellsworth
Toohey, presented as the complete antithesis of Roark, is 'the man who couldn't be, and knows it,' who, pessimistic about his
talent when he was young, sets out to destroy others through guilt and altruism, because he knows that this is the only way he
can accomplish anything. The novel is split into four sections, named after Keating, Toohey, Wynand, and Roark; each section
(though the plot is completely chronological) is named after the character which fully shows his own nature in each one. The last
one, in which Roark achieves his final victory, is named after him.
Howard Roark
Howard Roark is the main protagonist in the novel, whom Rand portrays as a paragon of Objectivist ideals (though, when the novel was published the term Objectivism had not yet been
coined). He is an aspiring architect with a unique, uncompromising creative vision, which
contrasts sharply with the staid and uninspired conventions of the architectural establishment. He ignores the driving
preoccupations of the world around him: wealth, status, regard amongst his fellow men. Roark takes pleasure in the act of
creation, but is constantly opposed by "the hostility of second-hand souls" and those unwilling or afraid to recognize his
creative ability. Roark serves as the basic mold from which the protagonists of Rand's other great novel, Atlas Shrugged, are cast. He has red hair, and is traditionally unattractive, though the narrator
likes his appearance.
Dominique Francon
Dominique Francon is the heroine of The Fountainhead, described by Rand as "the woman for a man like Howard Roark," with Roark
representing Rand's ideal human. Dominique is the daughter of Guy Francon, a highly successful but creatively inhibited
architect. Peter Keating is employed by her father, and her intelligence, insight and observations are above his. It is only
through Roark that her love of pleasure and autonomy meets a worthy equal. These strengths are also what she initially lets
stifle her growth and make her miserable. She begins thinking the world did not deserve her sincerity and smarts, because the
people around her did not measure up to her standards. She starts out punishing the world and herself for all the things about
man which she despises, through self-defeating behavior. She is held a protagonist, but is not (throughout the bulk of the novel)
without flaw. She initially believes that greatness, such as Roark's, is doomed to fail and will be destroyed by the
'collectivist' masses around them. She eventually joins Roark romantically, but before she can do this, she must learn to join
him in his perspective and purpose.
However, Dominique Francon must learn the long hard way not to let a flawed society and misled zeitgeist inhibit her creative
and emotional expression and drive, nor poison her hope in her own ideals. By the end of the story, Dominique no longer cares
what anyone thinks or does. She lives her life for herself and no one else. She learns to love and create freely and
passionately, and no longer cares whether or not the world is worthy of her expression. She has a new world now that is hers
alone. Finally, it is the act of creating, loving, and living in which she finds happiness, rather than the results of these
successes, no matter how good or bad the recognition may be. It no longer matters what might happen or what others think, because
the happiness she finds cannot be taken away from her. She learns to be the change she wishes to see in her world. Her new world,
that in which she sets the standards by which all will live in regards to any association with Dominique, is worthy of her
beautiful mind and heart because it belongs to her and no one else, and is shared on her terms alone. That is, Dominique's terms
as well as those with the same individualistic, objectivist and uncompromising ideals.
Gail Wynand
-
Gail Wynand is a powerful newspaper mogul who rose from a destitute childhood in the
ghettoes of New York City to control the city's print
media. While Wynand shares many of the character qualities of Roark, his success is dependent upon his ability to manipulate
public opinion, a flaw which eventually leads to his destruction. Rand describes Wynand as "a man who could have been." It has
been speculated that Wynand is partially based on real-life newspaper tycoon William
Randolph Hearst, since Hearst himself started by taking over his father's newspaper and spread from there. Furthermore,
Hearst was known as the father of the Yellow Papers, which Wynand is known for in the realm of the Fountainhead.
Peter Keating
Peter Keating is also an aspiring architect, but is everything that Roark is not. His original tendency was to become a
painter, but his opportunistic mother pushed him toward architecture where he might have greater material success. Keating's
creative abilities are somewhat mediocre, but his willingness to build what others wish him leads to temporary success. He went
to architecture school with Roark, who helped him with some of his less inspired projects. He is subservient to the wills of
others - Dominique Francon's father, the architectural establishment, his mother, even Roark himself. Keating is "a man who never
could be, but doesn't know it," according to Rand. The one sincere thing in Keating's life is his love for Catherine, which he
expresses by never having sex with her - though she would have been willing. In Keating's view having sex is equivalent to taking
advantage of the partner, which he does not want to do to Catherine. Also, Catherine is Ellsworth Toohey's niece, but Keating
refuses her suggestion to introduce him to her uncle. This despite the fact that an introduction to the influential architectural
critic Toohey would help his career. In all other circumstances Keating is absolutely relentless and ruthless in furthering his
career, even to the extent of bullying a sick old man and causing his death. Keating's offer to elope with Catherine his one
chance to act on what he believes is his own desire. But, Dominique arrives at that precise moment and offers to marry him for
her own reasons, and his acceptance of the offer and betrayal of Catherine ends the potential of romance between them. Both
Keating and Catherine end up embodying the soulless result of devoting oneself to altruism. Keating from the perspective of using
altruism for social acceptance and Catherine from the perspective of being altruistic for the sake of altruism.
Ellsworth Toohey
Rand describes Toohey as "a man who never could be, and knows it." Toohey is an architectural critic for Wynand's paper who
uses his influence over the masses to hinder Howard Roark. Toohey is an unabashed collectivist, who styles himself as
representative of the will of the masses. Having no true genius that such innovators as Roark possess, he makes himself excellent
by manipulating excellence; to destroy that which is great and spread the word that altruism is the ultimate ideal. This is put
forward in one of his most memorable quotes: "Don’t set out to raze all shrines – you’ll frighten men. Enshrine mediocrity, and
the shrines are razed."
Rand used her memory of the British democratic
socialist Harold Laski to help her imagine what he would do in a given
situation.[1] Lewis
Mumford was also an initial inspiration.[2]
Main themes
Architectural theme
Besides dedicating The Fountainhead to her husband, Frank O'Connor, Rand dedicated it to architecture. She chose architecture for the analogy it offered to her
ideas, especially in the context of the ascent of the Modern Movement, the
convenient vehicle for portraying her views — that the Ego is supreme, and that individualism and selfishness are virtues to be treasured.
Throughout The Fountainhead, her definitions of "selfishness" and "selflessness" differ from their common denotations.
Rather than using "selfish" in describing choosing one's interests over and against the welfare of others, she described an act
as "selfish" if it remained true to one's ideals against the influence of history and society. "Selflessness" is the concept of
losing one's self, not merely acting without regard for one's self or in the interest of others, but as being unable to determine
and form one's desires and opinions.
Peter Keating and Howard Roark are antithetical. Keating practices in the historical eclectic
and neo-classic mould, even when the building's typology is a
skyscraper, therefore, he follows and pays respect to old traditions. Moreover, he
accommodates the changes suggested by others, mirroring the eclectic directions, and willingness to adapt, current at the turn of
the twentieth century.
Roark, however, searches for truth and honesty and expresses them in his work. He is uncompromising when changes are
suggested, mirroring Modern architecture's trajectory from dissatisfaction with earlier design trends to emphasising individual
creativity. Roark's individuality eulogizes modern architects as uncompromising and heroic
masters. Some readers speculate that Roark is American architect Frank Lloyd Wright; both Rand and Wright denied it.[citation needed]
Literary significance and criticism
Lorine Pruette, a New York Times reviewer wrote that the book was "a hymn
in praise of the individual... you will not be able to read this masterful book without thinking through some of the basic
concepts of our times."[3]
Benjamin DeCasseres, a columnist for the New York Journal-American wrote of Roark as "an uncompromising individualist"
and "one of the most inspiring characters in modern American literature."[4]
Library of Congress dispute
As Ayn Rand's heir, Leonard Peikoff inherited many of Rand's manuscripts. During her lifetime, Rand had apparently made a comment at one point saying that she would
donate her manuscripts to the Library of Congress upon her death, a bequest she
later had reservations about.
The Library of Congress requested the manuscripts, and demanded that Peikoff present them to the library. He considered his
options, and after a heart attack in July 1991 he decided to turn over the manuscripts. He had his
assistant box all of the manuscript pages except for two--the first and last pages of The Fountainhead--which he had
framed. In their stead, he had the pages photocopied so that the manuscripts would be "complete." An appraiser went through the
manuscripts and notified the Library of Congress about the replacement pages, but the Library of Congress replied that it was of
no consequence.
Some years later, Peikoff held an interview in his home with a reporter from the Los
Angeles Times, and when asked about the pages (which had been framed and hung on the wall of his office), Peikoff
joked about having "stolen" them from the Library of Congress. This apparently went into the article, and not long after that the
Library of Congress contacted Peikoff and demanded that he return U. S.
Government property.
After consulting with his lawyer, Peikoff determined that there was not much he could do about his situation. While perhaps he
had a right to keep the papers and even though they were legally his (his argument is that he had never donated them to the
library, so they had never been property of the U. S. Government), and even though he might win a lawsuit against the government,
the process would be long and expensive. So he signed a capitulation agreement, but supplied the condition that the Library of
Congress must come and retrieve the pages themselves. This retrieval was videotaped by a friend.
Peikoff's personal narrative of the story and video of the manuscript pages' retrieval can be found on his website.[1]
In popular culture
- In the 1992 motion picture Singles, the character Janet, played by
Bridget Fonda, has an epiphany following a bad interaction with her boyfriend, and is next
seen lounging on the roof of her building with a copy of The Fountainhead resting on the ledge by her chair. An earlier
reference in the film suggests that Janet has had delayed intentions of attending architecture school.
- In the book The Perks of Being a Wallflower by
Stephen Chbosky, the main character, Charlie, is assigned the book on a list of extra
readings and comes to think of it as a mirror to his life.
- The rock band Collective Soul took their name from a term in part 4, chapter 11.
Roark says to Gail Wynand:
- "Gail . . . I didn't think that you'd ever admit that to yourself."
- "Why not? I knew what I was doing. I wanted power over a collective soul and I got it. A collective soul. It's a messy kind
of concept, but if anyone wants to visualize it concretely let him pick up a copy of the New York Banner [the newspaper
Wynand owns]."
- The 1946 motion picture Without Reservations stars Claudette Colbert as the author of a novel in a similar tone as The Fountainhead who meets
John Wayne on a train bound for Hollywood where her novel is to be made into a movie and actively pursues him for the
lead. He reads the novel and openly mocks it as ridiculous nonsense.
- A worn paperback copy of the novel appears briefly in the movie Dirty Dancing.
Robbie the waiter is setting the tables for breakfast, he shows the book to Baby and tells her to read it.
- Julia Farnsworth, played by Dyan Cannon, in the 1978 film Heaven Can Wait is seen reading the novel as she lies in bed.
- In the sixth season episode of the television show Barney Miller entitled "The
Architect", David Clennon plays an architect named Howard Speer who successfully destroys
a building of his own design after changes are made to his original plans. Det. Arthur Dietrich figures out Speer's plans, after
recognizing several of the architect's speeches as coming from the "Fountainhead." Attempting to explain Speer's plans to his
superior Dietrich references the movie of the novel. Thinking back to the movie Captain Miller asks, "You remember Patricia
Neal?" a reference to which Dietrich laconically replies, "Yeah. You remember Gary Cooper as the architect who blows up his own
building?" Suddenly cognizant of the situation Miller attempts to reason with Speer but is interrupted by the clearly heard
destruction of the building in question.
- In the original script of Cruel Intentions, Annette is reading The
Fountainhead in the scene where she meets Sebastian at the swimming pool. When he compliments the book, she is surprised he
knows the novel. Sebastian goes on to say, "I think the scene where Howard Roark makes love to Dominique Francon is the most
romantic work in all literature." Annette replies, "Romantic? He rapes her." Sebastian finishes with, "That's a matter of
opinion."
- In the Philip K. Dick novel A Scanner
Darkly, Charles Freck plans on being found with The Fountainhead and an unfinished letter to Exxon after his
suicide. The suicide attempt fails; this is the last scene of Freck in Dick's novel. The Fountainhead can be seen during
the course of Freck's suicidally-derived hallucination in the cinematic adaptation of Dick's novel.
- A song by the Britpop group The Bluetones on their
debut album Expecting To Fly was entitled "The
Fountainhead" and included the lines: "Hell could feasibly freeze/But in your eyes I'll always be/The fountainhead/The boy whose
thoughts keep running away/And you know I'm right..."
- In Spiral Architect's album A Sceptic's
Universe, one of the tracks is named "Fountainhead".
- In The Simpsons episode entitled A
Streetcar Named Marge, the administrator of the Ayn Rand School for Tots is seen reading a book called The Fountainhead
Diet
- In one episode in the second season of the TV drama series Gilmore Girls, the
characters Rory and Jess discuss the novel over
telephone.
- In season 3, episode 7 from the TV drama series Gilmore Girls, Rory calls
Lorelai "the Howard Roark of Stars Hollow" after Lorelai displays indifference towards
Kirk's problems during a dance marathon. In another episode she encourages Jess to read the
The Fountainhead.
- A rock band called The Fountainhead released a CD titled Voice of Reason, which is also the name of one of Rand's
posthumous anthologies.
- The Nietzschean homeworld on the television show Andromeda is named Fountainhead.
- In episode 108 of the television show Andromeda, Tyr is shown reading a copy of the book.
- In the television series Desperate Housewives, Howard Roark's name
appears as the architect of a golf pro-shop in episode 301.
- On the Rise Against album The
Sufferer and the Witness, the band recommends The Fountainhead to the listeners in the inside jacket
- The Paradise Towers story from the television series Doctor Who features a villain named Kroagnon, a
psychotic architect who believes that human beings defile his buildings and fills them with lethal booby traps. Given that
Kroagnon is a near-anagram of Roark, and that this period of the series was notable for overtly socialist overtones, it is probable that the story was intended as a deliberate satire of The
Fountainhead.
- In the third season of Lost, in episode 12, titled "Par Avion", the character Sawyer can be seen reading a
copy of this book while listening in on a conversation between Claire, Sun and Jin. Sawyer is also seen reading it again at a later point in
the show.
- An advertising poster for a place called "Eve's Garden" in the 2007 video game BioShock, which was greatly influenced by the works of Ayn Rand, contains the words "H. Roark presents" in
small print.[5] Two of the main characters' names, Andrew
Ryan and Frank Fontaine, are allusions to the author and title.
- In the episode of Futurama, where Bender
flushes Leela's pet Nibbler down the toilet, a
copy of the book is seen on a shelf in the sewer mutant's lair.
- Kim Dougherty, a central character in Anne Rivers Siddons' novel The House
Next Door, is a brilliant young architect. He resembles Howard Roark physically and, to some extent, the two men behave in
similar ways. Kim and other characters reference The Fountainhead in several conversations.
- In the film Carnal Knowledge, Sandy announces that he has begun reading The
Fountainhead, which is Susan's favorite book.
- Underground rapper Canibus, rhymed "Now and then/ I transform into The Fountainhead/
Spinning from within, Howard Roark with a fountain pen" on Phantom's track 'Collateral Damage'
Film adaptation
-
The 1949 film is based on the book and stars Gary Cooper as Howard Roark,
Patricia Neal as Dominique Francon, Raymond Massey
as Gail Wynand, and Kent Smith as Peter Keating. The film was directed by King Vidor, with the screenplay written by Ayn Rand. Ayn Rand wrote the
entire speech that Howard Roark gives at the end of the film, and demanded that it be read exactly as she wrote it. The director,
King Vidor, initially agreed, but when shooting commenced on the scene, Vidor decided to
tighten it up a bit. Upon hearing this, Rand called the head of the studio demanding that the whole speech be filmed. Rand won
out, and Vidor filmed the entire speech. The scene goes on for nearly six minutes, one of the longest speeches ever in a feature
film.
References
- ^ Mayhew, Robert (2007). Essays on Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead.
Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1578-2 (pp. 57).
- ^ Mayhew, Robert (2007). Essays on Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead.
Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-1578-2 (pp. 57).
- ^ Berliner, Michael S., Letters of Ayn Rand (New York: Plume, 1995),
pp. 74.
- ^ Berliner, Michael S., Letters of Ayn Rand (New York: Plume, 1995),
pp. 74.
- ^ http://www.2kgames.com/cultofrapture/features/adart/apple.jpg
Further reading
- Mayhew, Robert (2006). Essays on Ayn Rand's The
Fountainhead. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7391-1578-2.
External links
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