The Man Without a Country
The Man Without a Country was a short story published anonymously by Edward Everett Hale, in the Atlantic Monthly in 1863. Although the events of the novel were set in the early 1800s, the story was an allegory and implicitly referred to the upheaval of the American Civil War (especially in Ohio, with the expatriation of Clement Vallandigham). Hale, a fiercely patriotic man, intended to criticize those who had renounced the United States, and to thus foster patriotism for the Northern cause.
Plot summary
The protagonist of the story is a (fictional) young United States Army
lieutenant named Philip Nolan, who developed a friendship with the visiting Aaron Burr. When Burr is tried for treason (as he actually was in
1807), Nolan was tried as an accomplice. During his testimony,
Nolan bitterly renounced his nation, angrily shouting "D--n the United States! I wish I may never hear of the United States
again!" (When the novel was first published, the word "
The sentence is carried out to the letter. None of those in whose custody Nolan remains will speak to him about the U.S., and his newspapers are censored. Nolan is unrepentant at first, but over the years becomes sadder and wiser, and desperate for news. One day he says to a young officer as they are being rowed back to the ship on which he is being held,
- ..."For your country, boy," and the words rattled in his throat, "and for that flag," and he pointed to the ship, "never dream a dream but of serving her as she bids you, though the service carry you through a thousand hells. No matter what happens to you, no matter who flatters you or abuses you, never look at another flag, never let a night pass but you pray God to bless that flag. Remember, boy, that behind all these men..., behind officers and government, and people even, there is the Country Herself, your Country, and that you belong to her as you belong to your own mother. Stand by her, boy, as you would stand by your mother...!" I was frightened to death by his calm, hard passion; but I blundered out that I would, by all that was holy, and that I had never thought of doing anything else. He hardly seemed to hear me; but he did, almost in a whisper, say, "Oh, if anybody had said so to me when I was your age!"
Deprived of a homeland, Nolan slowly and painfully learned the true worth of his country. He missed it more than his friends
or family, more than art or music or love or nature. Without it, he was nothing. Dying, he shows his room to an officer named
Danforth; it is "a little shrine" of patriotism. The
Nolan dies content after Danforth finally tells him all that has happened to the U.S. since his sentence was imposed.
Effectiveness as patriotic literature
As Hale intended, the short story created significant support for the US as a country, identifying the priority of the Union over the individual states, and thus pressuring readers to view Southern secession negatively. In so doing, he convinced many individuals to join, or at least support the North's effort to, as Abraham Lincoln put it, "preserve the Union."
In the story, Hale skilfully convinced many readers that Nolan was an actual figure, thus increasing the story's effectiveness as a piece of patriotic literature. He achieved this realism through verisimilitude, creating an "air" of reality. By frequently mentioning specific dates and places and using numerous contemporary references, Hale grounds his story in a firm foundation of history and makes his story seem like a record of actual events.
Furthermore, Hale makes the narrator of the story, Frederick Ingham, seem a strongly reliable individual. Throughout the text, Ingham often acknowledges his mistakes and identifies possible lapses in his memory. For this reason, readers believe Ingham's sense of honesty, and automatically deem him a trustworthy and, to some extent, an accurate narrator.
Finally, Hale utilizes a plain style, maintaining an unstilted and almost colloquial feel. Thus, he makes his story easy to relate to, and makes the patriotic morals of the story accessible to common people.
Similar events in US history
Sometime in the late US Civil War a Northern (?) military officer (it is unclear North or South) uttered that he did not want to see America again.
Someone in the military chain of command below President Lincoln (possibly with the involvement of the President, it is unclear) sentenced him to permanent exile on US merchant marine ships. The officer died in a ship's gaol in Goa in the 1880s.
This bit of American history was documented by Robert Ripley in his Believe it or Not comic strip some time after 1931 (Believe it or Not Omnibus) but before 1942 (Series 2 or Series 3). Ripley used existing documentation of the case -- so it is possible that the US National Archive system may have been consulted in the process.
It is unclear whether this fictional story influenced the case of the officer.
References
- John R. Adams, Edward Everett Hale (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977),
- Melinda Lawson; "'A Profound National Devotion': The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism." Civil War History . Volume: 48. Issue: 4. : 2002. Pp 338+.
References in Popular Culture
There have been a number of movies made of this story, starting in 1917, but perhaps most notably in 1973, made for television, starring Cliff Robertson. There were other movies from 1925, 1937, and another slated for distribution in 2008.
External links
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