Theodicy is the theological study of the "problem of pain" as CS Lewis put it. Its looking into the question of why there is pain and suffering in the world, especially if there is a good God.

R. Maurice Barineau has written:

'The theodicy of Alfred North Whitehead' -- subject(s): History of doctrines, Theodicy

what is theodicy

Theodicy in religion means to attempt to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the divine characteristics of omnipotence, omniscience and onmibenevolence with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world.

Theology is the study of the nature of God and religious beliefs, while theodicy specifically deals with the problem of evil and how it can coexist with a benevolent and all-powerful deity. Theology is a broader field that includes various aspects of religion, whereas theodicy focuses on grappling with the philosophical question of why a loving God would allow suffering.