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(thə′rap·səd·ə)

(paleontology) An order of mammallike reptiles of the subclass Synapsida which first appeared in mid-Permian times and persisted until the end of the Triassic.


 
 

An order of Reptilia, subclass Synapsida, often called advanced mammallike reptiles, that flourished from the middle Permian through the Late Triassic. The group is highly diverse and subdivided into six suborders. Two of these, Eotitanosuchia and Dinocephalia, include relatively primitive mid-Permian carnivores and herbivores. A third, the Dicynodontia, made up of small to large herbivores, was abundant in the late Permian. Dicynodonts were associated with two carnivorous suborders, the Therocephalia and Gorgonopsia, which are morphologically intermediate between Eotitanosuchia and the cynodonts. Although these five developing lines are distinct, the skulls and skeletons in each became increasingly mammallike.

The trend continued among the highly diverse Cynodontia. This suborder includes a variety of carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. The most highly derived herbivorous cynodonts were the tritylodonts of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. They were very mammallike.

Climatic changes during the Triassic rather than direct competition largely accounted for the decline of the therapsids and the rapid expansion of the Archosauria. Only the very mammallike therapsids, the herbivorous tritylodonts, and the minute derived first mammals survived into the Early Jurassic. See also Archosauria; Mammalia; Reptilia; Synapsida.


 
WordNet: Therapsida
Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words.

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: extinct mammal-like reptiles found inhabiting all continents from the mid Permian to late Triassic
  Synonym: order Therapsida


 
Wikipedia: Therapsida
Therapsids
Fossil range: Early Permian - Early Cretaceous (non-mammalian)
Illustration of Pristerognathus, a therocephalian therapsid
Illustration of Pristerognathus, a therocephalian therapsid
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Synapsida
Order: Therapsida *
Broom, 1905
Clades

Therapsids, previously known as the "mammal-like reptiles", are an order of synapsids. Traditionally, synapsids were referred to as reptiles. However, when the term is used cladistically, the taxon also includes the mammals, which are descended from the cynodont therapsids.

Characteristics

Therapsids' temporal fenestrae were larger than those of the pelycosaurs[citation needed],. The jaws of therapsids were more complex and powerful and the teeth were differentiated into frontal incisors for nipping, large lateral canines for puncturing and tearing, and molars for shearing and chopping food. Therapsids' legs were positioned more vertically beneath their bodies than were the sprawling legs of reptiles and pelycosaurs.

Evolutionary history

See also: Evolution of mammals
Theriognathus head.
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Theriognathus head.

Therapsids' evolutionary track began in the Early Permian, when a group of pelycosaurs, the Sphenacodontia, a lineage that gave rise to Dimetrodon and its family, gave rise to therapsids[citation needed]. Evidence was their anatomical features such as the skull, and the vertebrae. Therapsids became the dominant land animals in the Middle Permian, replacing the pelycosaurs who are becoming rare as Permian period progressed. Therapsida consists of three major clades, the dinocephalians, the herbivorous anomodonts and the mostly carnivorous theriodonts, with the carnivorous biarmosuchians as a paraphyletic assemblage of primitive forms. After a brief burst of evolutionary diversity, the dinocephalians died out in the later Middle Permian (Guadalupian) but the anomodont dicynodonts and the theriodont gorgonopsians and therocephalians flourished, being joined at the very end of the Permian by the first cynodonts[citation needed].

Like all land animals, the therapsids were seriously affected by the Permian-Triassic extinction event, with the very successful gorgonopsians dying out altogether and the remaining groups, dicynodonts, therocephalians and cynodonts of a few species, each surviving into the Triassic[citation needed]. The dicynodonts, now represented by a single family of large stocky herbivores, the Kannemeyeridae, and the medium-sized cynodonts (including both carnivorous and herbivorous forms), flourished worldwide, throughout the Early and Middle Triassic. They died out across much of Pangea at the end of the Carnian (Late Triassic), although they continued for some time longer in the wet equatorial band and the south.

Lemurosaurus.
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Lemurosaurus.

Some exceptions were the still further derived eucynodonts. At least three groups of them survived. They all appeared in the Late Triassic epoch.

  1. The extremely mammal-like family, Tritylodontidae, survived into the Early Cretaceous.
  2. An extremely mammal-like family, Tritheledontidae, are unknown later than the Early Jurassic.
  3. The third group, Morganucodon and similar animals, were mammaliformes or the "stem-mammals".

Some non-eucynodont cynodonts survived the Permian-Triassic extinction, such as Thrinaxodon but only to become extinct by the Middle Triassic.

The therocephalians, relatives of the cynodonts, managed to survive the Permian-Triassic extinction and continued to diversify through Early Triassic epoch. Approaching the end of the epoch, however, the therocephalians were declining to extinction and eventually became extinct, possibly due to climatic changes and competition from cynodonts and other animals struggling to survive.

Dicynodonts are thought to have become extinct before the end of the Triassic, but there is evidence that they survived the extinction. Their fossils have been found in Gondwana. Other animals that were common in the Triassic also took refuge here, such as the Temnospondyls. This is an example of Lazarus taxon[citation needed].

Mammals, the only living therapsids, evolved in the Early Jurassic epoch. They radiated from a group of mammaliaformes that is related to the symmetrodonts. The mammaliaformes themselves evolved from probainognathians, a lineage of the eucynodont suborder.

Taxonomy

Classification

Estemmenosuchus, a Dinocephalian
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Estemmenosuchus, a Dinocephalian
Anteosaurus, an Anteosaur
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Anteosaurus, an Anteosaur
Inostrancevia, a Gorgonopsid
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Inostrancevia, a Gorgonopsid
Bauria, a Therocephalian
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Bauria, a Therocephalian
Oligokyphus, a Cynodont
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Oligokyphus, a Cynodont
Biarmosuchus, an eotheriodont
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Biarmosuchus, an eotheriodont

Phylogeny

Synapsida
  |
Sphenacodontia
  |-Sphenacodontidae 
  `-Therapsida
    |-?Tetraceratops
    `-+-Biarmosuchia
      |    |-Eotitanosuchidae
      |    `-?Phthinosuchidae
      `-Eutherapsida
           |-Dinocephalia
           |    |-Anteosauria
           |    `-Tapinocephalia
           `-Neotherapsida
              |-Anomodontia
              |   |-Dromasauria 
              |   `-Dicynodontia
              `-Theriodontia
                 |-Gorgonopsia
                 |  |-Lycaenops
                 |  `-Inostrancevia
                 `-Eutheriodontia
                   |-Therocephalia
                   |  `-Eutherocephalia
                   |     `-Bauria
                   `-Cynodontia
                       `-Mammalia

See also

External links

References

  • Kemp, T.S. (2005): The origin and evolution of mammals. Oxford University Press
  • Benton, M.J. (2004): Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed. Blackwell Science Ltd
  • Carroll, R.L. (1988): Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution. W.H. Freeman & Company, NY
  • Romer, A.S. (1966): Vertebrate Paleontology. University of Chicago Press, 1933; 3rd ed.
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