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Thomas Pinckney
| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Thomas Pinckney |
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| US Military Dictionary: Thomas Pinckney |
Pinckney, Thomas (1750-1828) Revolutionary War army officer. Raised primarily in England, the South Carolina-born Pinckney established a successful law practice in Charleston and openly opposed the Intolerable Acts (1775). He entered the state legislature in 1778 and served as an aide to Gen. Horatio Gates; Pinckney fought at Yorktown (1781). After the war, he served two consecutive terms as governor of South Carolina (1777, 1778) and supported the adoption of a strong federal constitution, aligning himself with Alexander Hamilton and the new Federalist party. George Washington named him ambassador to Great Britain in 1791, in which position he attempted to negotiate, without much success, issues involving freedom of the seas, fishing rights, and compensation for damage inflicted by the British during the war. Pinckney ran for vice president in 1800, as John Adams's running mate; the ticket lost to Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. After four years in the House of Representatives, Pinckney returned to South Carolina, where he lived out the rest of his life.
See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Thomas Pinckney |
Pinckney, Thomas, 1750-1828, American political leader and diplomat, b. Charleston, S.C.; brother of C. C. Pinckney and cousin of Charles Pinckney. At the outbreak of the American Revolution he joined the militia; he saw action in Florida, took part in the defense of Charleston (1780), and was wounded and captured at Camden in the Carolina campaign. After the war he served as governor (1787-89). While minister to England (1792-96), he was sent as envoy extraordinary to Spain (1794-95). His treaty with Spain (1795) established commercial relations between the United States and Spain, provided for free navigation of the Mississippi by American citizens and Spanish subjects, granted the right of deposit at New Orleans, and set the boundaries of Louisiana and E and W Florida. As a member of Congress (1797-1801) he upheld Federalist measures but voted against the Sedition Act and expressed no eagerness for war with France. In the War of 1812 Pinckney was a major general.
Bibliography
See biography by C. C. Pinckney (1895); S. F. Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty (1960, repr. 1973); J. L. Cross, London Mission (1968).
| Wikipedia: Thomas Pinckney |
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Thomas Pinckney
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| In office 1787 – 1789 |
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| Lieutenant | Thomas Gadsden |
| Preceded by | William Moultrie |
| Succeeded by | Charles Pinckney |
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| In office 1791 – 1792 |
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| Governor | Charles Pinckney |
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| In office 1792 – 1796 |
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| President | George Washington |
| Preceded by | John Adams |
| Succeeded by | Rufus King |
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| In office November 1797 – March 1801 |
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| Preceded by | William L. Smith |
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| Born | October 23, 1750 Charleston, South Carolina |
| Political party | Federalist |
| Alma mater | Westminster School and Oxford University) |
| Profession | Farming |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Patriot |
| Service/branch | Continental Army, United States Army |
| Years of service | 1775-1783, War of 1812 |
| Rank | captain, major general |
| Unit | 1st South Carolina Regiment |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Camden |
Thomas Pinckney (October 23, 1750 – November 2, 1828) was an early American statesman, diplomat and veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.
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Early life in the military
Pinckney was born in Charleston, South Carolina, where his father, Charles Pinckney, was a prominent colonial official. When Pinckney was 3, his father brought the family to Great Britain on colonial business, and after his father's death in 1758, Pinckney continued his education in Great Britain (at Westminster and Oxford University) and France. He returned to South Carolina in 1774 and became an ardent Patriot in the American Revolution. In 1775 he was commissioned as captain in the 1st South Carolina Regiment of the Continental Army. After seeing much action, he became an aide-de-camp to General Horatio Gates, and was captured by the British at the disastrous Battle of Camden in 1780. After recovering from his wounds, he was released in a prisoner exchange. In 1781 he fought under Lafayette in Virginia.
Postbellum and politics
After the war, Pinckney spent some years running his plantations before he returned to politics. Pinckney was Governor of South Carolina from 1787 to 1789, most notably presiding over the state convention that ratified the new U.S. Constitution, and then served in the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1791. He was appointed by President George Washington to be the U.S. minister (ambassador) to Great Britain in 1792. While there, he was unable to get British concessions on issues such as impressment or the Northwest frontier forts, so that Washington sent John Jay as a special envoy to negotiate the controversial Jay Treaty. For part of his tenure (1794-1795) as ambassador in Britain, Pinckney also served as Envoy Extraordinary to Spain. He arranged the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also known as Pinckney's Treaty, with Spain in 1795.
Pinckney's diplomatic success with Spain made him popular at home, and on his return the Federalist party made him a candidate in the 1796 presidential election (as the intended running-mate of John Adams). While Adams won the presidential election, complicated scheming to ensure that Adams would have more presidential votes than Pinckney ended up making their opponent Thomas Jefferson vice-president.
Pinckney was elected to the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William L. Smith, and he served from November 1797 to March 1801. While in Congress, Pinckney served as one of the managers appointed by the House in 1798 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against William Blount.
Pinckney served as a major general in the United States Army during the War of 1812. His last public role before his death in Charleston was as president general of the Society of the Cincinnati (1825-1828).
Death and legacy
Pinckney died in Charleston, South Carolina and is interred in St. Philip’s Churchyard.
Pinckneyville, Georgia was named after Thomas Pinckney after he traveled through the area. That town no longer exists, as its residents left to found the nearby Norcross. Pinckneyville is the name of a Middle School in the Norcross area.
Family
His brother Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and his cousin Charles Pinckney were signers of the United States Constitution.
He was married twice, first to Elizabeth Motte and second to her sister, Frances, the widow of John Middleton, a cousin of Arthur Middleton.
His elder son, Thomas, Jr., was married to Elizabeth Izard, a cousin twice removed of South Carolina Congressman Ralph Izard.
His younger son, the younger Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, married Phoebe Elliott, a daughter of a South Carolina State Representative, William Elliott, and Phoebe Waight.
References
- Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution. New York: Facts on File, 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2107-4. For details on military service.
- Southwick, Leslie. Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788-1996. McFarland & Company, 1998. ISBN 0-7864-0310-1.
External links
- Congressional biography of Thomas Pinckney
- SCIway Biography of Thomas Pinckney
- NGA Biography of Thomas Pinckney
- NNDB
| Political offices | ||
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| Preceded by William Moultrie |
Governor of South Carolina 1787 – 1789 |
Succeeded by Charles Pinckney |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by John Adams |
U.S. Minister to Great Britain 1792 – 1796 |
Succeeded by Rufus King |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by John Adams(1) |
Federalist Party vice presidential candidate 1796 (lost)(1) |
Succeeded by Charles Cotesworth Pinckney(1) |
| United States House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by William L. Smith |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina 1797 – 1801 |
Succeeded by Thomas Lowndes |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. Technically, Adams in 1792, Thomas Pinckney in 1796, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney in 1800 were all presidential candidates. Prior to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, each presidential elector would cast two ballots; the highest vote-getter would become President and the runner-up would become Vice President. Thus, in 1792, with George Washington as the prohibitive favorite for President, the Federalist party fielded Adams as a presidential candidate, with the intention that he be elected to the Vice Presidency. Similarly, in 1796 and 1800, the Federalist party fielded two candidates, Adams and Thomas Pinckney in 1796 and Adams and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney in 1800, with the intention that Adams be elected President and either Pinckney be elected Vice President. | ||
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Mentioned in
- Pinckney (family name)
- Charles Pinckney (American statesman)
- Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (American statesman)
- Pinckney's Treaty (American history)
- Caucus (American history)
- Vice President, U.S. (American history)
- George Washington (American president)
- John Adams
- Alexander Hamilton
- Pinckney (surname)
- Treaties with Foreign Nations (American history)
- United States presidential election, 1796
- 1795 (chronology)
- William Lowndes (congressman)
