thrombophlebitis

Thrombophlebitis is phlebitis (vein inflammation) related to a thrombus (blood clot).^[1] When it occurs repeatedly in different locations, it is known as "Thrombophlebitis migrans" or "migrating thrombophlebitis".

Signs and symptoms

The following symptoms are often (but not always) associated with thrombophlebitis:^[2]

• pain in the part of the body affected
• skin redness or inflammation (not always present)
• swelling (edema) of the extremities (ankle and foot)

Causes

Thrombophlebitis (another medical term is "White Leg") is related to a thrombus in the vein. Risk factors include prolonged sitting and disorders related to blood clotting. Specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis include superficial thrombophlebitis (affects veins near the skin surface) and deep venous thrombosis (affects deeper, larger veins). Thrombophlebitis migrans can be a non-metastatic manifestation of malignancies such as pancreatic carcinoma (Trousseau sign of malignancy).

Diagnosis

The health care provider makes the diagnosis primarily based on the appearance of the affected area. Frequent checks of the pulse, blood pressure, temperature, skin condition, and circulation may be required.

If the cause is not readily identifiable, tests may be performed to determine the cause, including the following:

• Doppler ultrasound
• Extremity arteriography
• Blood coagulation studies

Prevention

Routine changing of intravenous (IV) lines helps to prevent phlebitis related to IV lines. See the specific disorders associated with thrombophlebitis for other preventive measures.

Treatment

For more specific recommendations, see the particular condition. In general, treatment may include the following:

• Medications
  • analgesics (pain medications)
  • anticoagulants e.g. warfarin or heparin to prevent new clot formation
  • thrombolytics to dissolve an existing clot such as intravenous streptokinase.
  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation
  • antibiotics (if infection is present) selection will usually depend with the causative agent.
  • Support stockings and wraps to reduce discomfort

The patient may be advised to do the following:

• Elevate the affected area to reduce swelling.
• Keep pressure off of the area to reduce pain and decrease the risk of further damage.
• Apply moist heat to reduce inflammation and pain.
• Surgical removal, stripping, or bypass of the vein is rarely needed but may be recommended in some situations.

Not All Superficial Thrombophlebitis is Benign ^[3]

Prognosis

Thrombophlebitis and other forms of phlebitis usually respond to prompt medical treatment.

Complications

Complications are rare, but when they occur they can be serious. The most serious complication occurs when the blood clot dislodges, traveling through the heart and occluding the dense capillary network of the lungs; this is a pulmonary embolism which can be potentially life threatening.

References

See also

• Phlebothrombosis