The four glands known as Parathyroid glands are attached to the thyroid gland.

Lots of people live without thyroid glands, but they have to take synthetic thyroid. Typically the glands aren't surgically removed, they are killed with ingested radioactive iodine.

On the posterior surface of the thyroid glands.

Hubert Richardson has written:

'The thyroid and parathyroid glands' -- subject(s): Accessible book, Parathyroid glands, Thyroid gland

'The thyroid and parathyroid glands' -- subject(s): Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, thyroidology

Yes. Both women and men have thyroid glands.