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Sir Tim Berners-Lee

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Tim Berners-Lee
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(born June 8, 1955, London, Eng.) British physicist. The son of computer scientists, he graduated from Oxford University and in 1980 accepted a fellowship at CERN in Geneva. In 1989 he suggested a global hypertext project. He and his CERN colleagues created a communications protocol called HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) that standardized communication between computer servers and clients. Their text-based Web browser was released to the public in 1991, marking the beginnings of the World Wide Web and general public use of the Internet. Berners-Lee declined all opportunities to profit from his immensely valuable innovation. In 1994 he joined MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science as director of the World Wide Web Consortium. His numerous honours include the inaugural Millennium Technology Prize (2004) and the Charles Stark Draper Prize (2007). He was knighted in 2004.

For more information on Sir Tim Berners-Lee, visit Britannica.com.

Tim Berners-Lee

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Gale Encyclopedia of Biography:

Tim Berners-Lee

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Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the software program known as the World Wide Web in 1989, is ascientist in the true sense of the word - idealistic, interested in the pure pursuit of knowledge, and uncomfortable in the media spotlight. Yet his invention, which provides an easy way to access the Internet, has made a huge impact on modern business and communications. Some experts claim that the World Wide Web has revolutionized the ability of computer users around the world to connect to each other.

Simply put, the Web provides a way to retrieve and access documents on the Internet, the bare-bones network devised by the Pentagon that links computers around the world. On the original Internet, there were no easy ways to retrieve data. But Berners-Lee developed software that contained processes for encoding documents (HTML, hypertext markup language), linking them (HTTP, hypertext transfer protocol), and addressing them (URL, universal resource locator). Documents could then be linked worldwide. He posted this software, free of charge to anyone who wanted it, on the Internet.

The Web has become a way for many businesses to sell themselves or their products and has made money for some computer scientists. Berners-Lee, however, refused to cash in on his invention. He remained a conscientious scientist, and an advocate for using the Web as a way to link the world for the benefit of all. To that end, he heads the World Wide Web Consortium, a group of 120 companies that set standards and guide the growth of the Web.

Developed Affinity for Computers

Berners-Lee developed a hunger for knowledge and a fascination with computers early in his life. His English parents helped design the first computer that was commercially available worldwide, the Ferranti Mark I. As a boy, he spent his time making toy computers out of boxes. He remembers conversations at the dinner table as centering around mathematics; it was more likely to be about the square root of four than the neighbors down the block.

As a teenager, Berners-Lee read science fiction voraciously and was fascinated with Arthur C. Clarke's short story "Dial F for Frankenstein," in which computers are networked together to form a living, breathing human brain. It was only a short step from this type of fiction to his study of physics and computers at Oxford University's Queen's College. There he built his first computer with a soldering iron, an M6800 processor (the "brain" that runs the computer), and an old television.

Created the Building Blocks of the Web

After graduating from Queens College in 1976, with a degree in physics, Berners-Lee got his first job with Plessey Telecommunications, Ltd., in Dorset. In 1980, after working at D.G. Nast Ltd. in Dorset, he served a six-month stint as an independent consultant at the European particle physics laboratory, CERN, which sits on the French-Swiss border. When he realized that he had to master the lab's huge and confusing information system in six months, he created a software program called Enquire. It allowed him to put words in a document that, when clicked, would send the user on to other documents with a fuller explanation. This device, which Berners-Lee used to assist his memory, is now known as "hypertext." It was not a new concept but, like most hypertext software of the 1980s, it needed a centralized database to eliminate links that went nowhere. In such a system, if one document was deleted all the links to it would be deleted. Because of this need for a centralized clearinghouse, hypertext documents couldn't be linked worldwide.

It was not until the birth of the Internet in 1989, that Berners-Lee proposed that CERN's computer resources - whether graphics, text, or video - could be linked with software based on Enquire. Eventually the system could go worldwide, he proposed.

It wasn't long before it did. After developing a language to encode documents, a way to link documents, and a way to address documents (the www.whatever address seen on Web pages), Berners-Lee posted his property on the Internet. The software, accompanied by a simple browser (a device that helps the user cruise the Web, looking for subject matter) was put on the Internet.

Appointed Director of Web Consortium

Over the next several years, Berners-Lee continued working on his design for the Web, accepting feedback from people who used the system. In 1994, as the popularity of the Web really began growing, he joined the Laboratory for Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There he became director of the W3 Consortium. His dream is to ensure the stability of the Web by making sure it remains a tool that can evolve with the times.

Berners-Lee is most proud of the achievements of his W3 Consortium over the last few years. It has made the encoding language HTML 3.2 a widely used standard, which helps make traveling the Web easy for the average computer user. It has also proposed a chip that would let parents keep offending Web sites from their computers - and their children's eyes. Individual parents could use the chip and get ratings of Web sites by subscribing to a rating service of their choice.

Campaigned for Better Web

The growing lack of intimacy and the increasing number of companies who charge for access to their Web sites, are two developments that disappointed Berners-Lee. "The Web was supposed to be a creative tool, an expressive tool," he said. Berners-Lee remains an avid campaigner for keeping the Web open, for making sure no one company dominates it. "He has a real commitment to keep the Web open as a public good, in economic terms," the director of the MIT computer science lab, Michael Dertouzos, explained in a 1995 New York Times article. Berners-Lee considered trying to commercialize the Web as he was designing it and was approached by several software companies who wanted to buy it. But in the end, he remained an idealist and refused all offers, instead making the Web available to all.

One of his biggest fears about the Internet is that various competing browsers or competing programming languages could all set up their own turf, so that users would need several types of browsers or languages to access the entire Web. "The navigation of the Web has to be open," he insists. "If the day comes when you need six browsers on your machine, the World Wide Web will no longer be the World Wide Web."

Received Awards for Web Work

Berners-Lee has his own Web site (www.W3.org/People/Berners-Lee). He is continually bombarded by requests from the press for interviews and gets many questions from inveterate Web users. Berners-Lee has received numerous awards for his work on the Web, including the Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year Award" in 1995. He has honorary degrees from the Parsons School of Design and Southhampton University and is a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society. Yet in public he remains a diffident man, who reveals very little personal information in interviews. He is married to Nancy Carlson, an American. They met in Europe while both were taking an acting class; she was then working for the World Health Organization. They have two children, one born in 1991, the other in 1994. Despite his diffidence with the press, he is a warm, artistic man who can be the life of a party, his friends say.

Further Reading

Forbes ASAP, April 8, 1996.

New York Times, February 18, 1995.

Time, May 19, 1997.

"Tim Berners-Lee." http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee (7 October 1997).

Columbia Encyclopedia:

Tim Berners-Lee

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Berners-Lee, Tim (Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee), 1955-, British computer scientist, b. London, grad. The Queen's College, Oxford (B.A. 1976). He joined CERN, near Geneva, Switzerland, as a consultant software engineer in 1960. While there he wrote for his own private use a program for storing information including using random associations; this program formed the conceptual basis for the future development of the World Wide Web. In 1989, he proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web; it was to be designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first Web server and the first client, a hypertext browser-editor, and defined the URL, HTTP and HTML specifications on which the Web depends. The Web was made available within CERN in Dec., 1990, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991. In 1994, Berners-Lee joined the Laboratory for Computer Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as Director of the W3 Consortium, which coordinates Web development worldwide. With M. Fischetti, he wrote Weaving the Web (1999). He was knighted in 2004.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Tim Berners-Lee

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Sir Tim Berners-Lee
OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA

Berners-Lee in 2010
Born Timothy John Berners-Lee
(1955-06-08) 8 June 1955 (age 56)[1]
London, England[1]
Residence Massachusetts, U.S.[1]
Nationality English
Alma mater Queen's College, Oxford
Occupation Computer scientist
Employer
Known for
  • Inventing the World Wide Web
  • Holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Title Professor
Religion Unitarian Universalism
Parents
Website
www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/

Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955[1]), also known as "TimBL", is an English computer scientist, MIT professor and the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989[2] and on 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet.[3]

Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development. He is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation, and is a senior researcher and holder of the 3Com Founders Chair at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).[4] He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI),[5] and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence.[6][7]

In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.[8] In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences.[9][10]

Contents

Early life

Berners-Lee was born in southwest London, England, on 8 June 1955, the son of Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods. His parents worked on the first commercially built computer, the Ferranti Mark 1. One of four children, he attended Sheen Mount Primary School, and then went on to Emanuel School in London, from 1969 to 1973.[8] He studied at The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976, where he received a first-class degree in Physics.[1]

Career

Berners-Lee, 2005

While an independent contractor at CERN from June to December 1980, Berners-Lee proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[11] While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.[12]

After leaving CERN in 1980, he went to work at John Poole's Image Computer Systems, Ltd, in Bournemouth, England.[13] The project he worked on was a real-time remote procedure call which gave him experience in computer networking.[13] In 1984 he returned to CERN as a fellow.[12]

In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet: "I just had to take the hypertext idea and connect it to the Transmission Control Protocol and domain name system ideas and—ta-da!—the World Wide Web."[14] “Creating the web was really an act of desperation, because the situation without it was very difficult when I was working at CERN later. Most of the technology involved in the web, like the hypertext, like the Internet, multifont text objects, had all been designed already. I just had to put them together. It was a step of generalising, going to a higher level of abstraction, thinking about all the documentation systems out there as being possibly part of a larger imaginary documentation system.”[15] He wrote his initial proposal in March 1989, and in 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau (with whom he shared the 1995 ACM Software System Award), produced a revision which was accepted by his manager, Mike Sendall.[16] He used similar ideas to those underlying the ENQUIRE system to create the World Wide Web, for which he designed and built the first Web browser. This also functioned as an editor (WorldWideWeb, running on the NeXTSTEP operating system), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol daemon).

" Mike Sendall buys a NeXT cube for evaluation, and gives it to Tim [Berners-Lee]. Tim's prototype implementation on NeXTStep is made in the space of a few months, thanks to the qualities of the NeXTStep software development system. This prototype offers WYSIWYG browsing/authoring! Current Web browsers used in "surfing the Internet" are mere passive windows, depriving the user of the possibility to contribute. During some sessions in the CERN cafeteria, Tim and I try to find a catching name for the system. I was determined that the name should not yet again be taken from Greek mythology. Tim proposes "World-Wide Web". I like this very much, except that it is difficult to pronounce in French..." by Robert Cailliau, 2 November 1995.[17]

The first website built was at CERN within the border of France[18], and was first put online on 6 August 1991:

"Info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first-ever web site and web server, running on a NeXT computer at CERN. The first web page address was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html, which centred on information regarding the WWW project. Visitors could learn more about hypertext, technical details for creating their own webpage, and even an explanation on how to search the Web for information. There are no screenshots of this original page and, in any case, changes were made daily to the information available on the page as the WWW project developed. You may find a later copy (1992) on the World Wide Web Consortium website." -CERN

It provided an explanation of what the World Wide Web was, and how one could use a browser and set up a web server.[19][20][21][22]

In 1994, Berners-Lee founded the W3C at MIT. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made his idea available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The World Wide Web Consortium decided that its standards should be based on royalty-free technology, so that they could easily be adopted by anyone.[23]

In 2001, Berners-Lee became a patron of the East Dorset Heritage Trust, having previously lived in Colehill in Wimborne, East Dorset, England.[24]

In December 2004, he accepted a chair in Computer Science at the School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, England, to work on the Semantic Web.[25][26]

In a Times article in October 2009, Berners-Lee admitted that the initial pair of slashes ("//") in a web address were actually "unnecessary". He told the newspaper that he could easily have designed URLs not to have the slashes. "There you go, it seemed like a good idea at the time," he said in his lighthearted apology.[27]

Current work

Tim Berners-Lee at the Home Office, London, on 11 March 2010

In June 2009 then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced Berners-Lee would work with the UK Government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force.[28] Berners-Lee and Professor Nigel Shadbolt are the two key figures behind data.gov.uk, a UK Government project to open up almost all data acquired for official purposes for free re-use. Commenting on the opening up of Ordnance Survey data in April 2010 Berners-Lee said that: "The changes signal a wider cultural change in Government based on an assumption that information should be in the public domain unless there is a good reason not to—not the other way around." He went on to say "Greater openness, accountability and transparency in Government will give people greater choice and make it easier for individuals to get more directly involved in issues that matter to them."[29]

In November 2009, Berners-Lee launched the World Wide Web Foundation in order to "Advance the Web to empower humanity by launching transformative programs that build local capacity to leverage the Web as a medium for positive change."[30]

Berners-Lee is one of the pioneer voices in favour of Net Neutrality,[31] and has expressed the view that ISPs should supply "connectivity with no strings attached," and should neither control nor monitor customers' browsing activities without their expressed consent.[32][33] He advocates the idea that net neutrality is a kind of human network right: "Threats to the Internet, such as companies or governments that interfere with or snoop on Internet traffic, compromise basic human network rights."[34]

Recognition

This NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee at CERN and became the world's first web server.

Personal life

 This section contains information which may be of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter. Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information. (May 2012)
[icon] This section requires expansion.

Berners-Lee had a religious upbringing, but left the Church of England as a teenager, just after being confirmed and "told how essential it was to believe in all kinds of unbelievable things". He and his family eventually joined a Unitarian Universalist church while they were living in Boston.[57]

See also

Publications

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Berners-Lee Longer Biography". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
  2. ^ "cern.info.ch - Tim Berners-Lee's proposal". Info.cern.ch. http://info.cern.ch/Proposal.html. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  3. ^ a b Quittner, Joshua (29 March 1999). "Tim Berners Lee—Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990627,00.html. "He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free." 
  4. ^ "Draper Prize". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/draper-prize.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  5. ^ "People". The Web Science Research Initiative. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080628052526/http://webscience.org/about/people/. Retrieved 17 January 2011. 
  6. ^ "MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (homepage)". Cci.mit.edu. http://cci.mit.edu. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 
  7. ^ "MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (people)". Cci.mit.edu. http://cci.mit.edu/people/index.html. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 
  8. ^ a b c "Web's inventor gets a knighthood". BBC. 31 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  9. ^ "Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences". Dr. Dobb's Journal. http://www.ddj.com/217200450. Retrieved 9 June 2009. 
  10. ^ "72 New Members Chosen By Academy" (Press release). United States National Academy of Sciences. 28 April 2009. http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=04282009. Retrieved 17 January 2011. 
  11. ^ "Berners-Lee's original proposal to CERN". World Wide Web Consortium. March 1989. http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  12. ^ a b Stewart, Bill. "Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and the World Wide Web". http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_lee.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2010. 
  13. ^ a b Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/FAQ.html. Retrieved 22 July 2010. 
  14. ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "Answers for Young People". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Kids. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  15. ^ "Biography and Video Interview of Timothy Berners-Lee at Academy of Achievement". Achievement.org. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ber1int-1. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  16. ^ "Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software". CERN. http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html. Retrieved 21 July 2010. 
  17. ^ Roads and Crossroads of Internet History Chapter 4: Birth of the Web
  18. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee. Confirming The Exact Location Where the Web Was Invented". http://davidgalbraith.org/uncategorized/the-exact-location-where-the-web-was-invented/2343/. 
  19. ^ "Welcome to info.cern.ch, the website of the world's first-ever web server". CERN. http://info.cern.ch/. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  20. ^ "World Wide Web—Archive of world's first website". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  21. ^ "World Wide Web—First mentioned on USENET". Google. 6 August 1991. http://groups.google.co.uk/group/alt.hypertext/msg/06dad279804cb3ba?dmode=source&hl=en. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  22. ^ "The original post to alt.hypertalk describing the WorldWideWeb Project". Google Groups. Google. 9 August 1991. http://groups.google.com/group/comp.archives/browse_thread/thread/9fb079523583d42/37bb6783d03a3b0d?lnk=st&q=&rnum=2&hl=en#37bb6783d03a3b0d. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  23. ^ "Patent Policy—5 February 2004". World Wide Web Consortium. 5 February 2004. http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Patent-Policy-20040205/. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  24. ^ John W. Klooster (2009) Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates p.611. ABC-CLIO, 2009
  25. ^ Berners-Lee, T.; Hendler, J.; Lassila, O. (2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American 284 (5): 34. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-semantic-web.  edit
  26. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web inventor, to join ECS". World Wide Web Consortium. 2 December 2004. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/news/658. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  27. ^ "Berners-Lee 'sorry' for slashes". BBC. 14 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8306631.stm. Retrieved 14 October 2009. 
  28. ^ "Tim Berners-Lee". World Wide Web Consortium. 10 June 2009. http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item98. Retrieved 10 July 2009. 
  29. ^ "Ordnance Survey offers free data access". BBC News. 1 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8597779.stm. Retrieved 3 April 2009. 
  30. ^ FAQ—World Wide Web Foundation Retrieved 18 January 2011
  31. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (15 September 2008). "Web creator rejects net tracking". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7613201.stm. Retrieved 15 September 2008. "Warning sounded on web's future." 
  32. ^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (March 2008). "Web creator rejects net tracking". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7299875.stm. Retrieved 25 May 2008. "Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm." 
  33. ^ Adams, Stephen (March 2008). "Web inventor's warning on spy software". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1581938/Web-inventor%27s-warning-on-spy-software.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. "Sir Tim rejects net tracking like Phorm." 
  34. ^ Berners, Tim (2011-05-04). "Tim Berners-Lee, Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality, Scientific American Magazine, December 2010". Scientificamerican.com. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  35. ^ "The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame". Best of the Web Directory. http://botw.org/1994/awards/fame.html. 
  36. ^ "Software System Award". ACM Awards. Association for Computing Machinery. http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=149. Retrieved 25 October 2011 (2011-10-25). 
  37. ^ "Honorary Graduates of University of Essex". http://www.essex.ac.uk/honorary_graduates/hg/profiles/1998/t-berners-lee.aspx. Retrieved December 15, 2011. 
  38. ^ "Open University's online graduation". BBC NEWS. 31. March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/696176.stm. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 
  39. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2011. 
  40. ^ "Fellow Awards | Fellows Home". Computerhistory.org. 11 January 2010. http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/index.php?id=88. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 
  41. ^ "Millennium Technology Prize 2004 awarded to inventor of World Wide Web". Millennium Technology Prize. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070830111145/http://www.technologyawards.org/index.php?m=2&s=1&id=16&sm=4. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  42. ^ "Creator of the web turns knight". BBC. 16 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3899723.stm. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  43. ^ "Lancaster University Honorary Degrees, July 2004". Lancaster University. http://domino.lancs.ac.uk/info/lunews.nsf/I/2768F56EB38B32F780256ECC00404E69. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  44. ^ "Three loud cheers for the father of the web". The Daily Telegraph (London). 28 January 2005. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1482211/Three-loud-cheers-for-the-father-of-the-web.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  45. ^ 8:01AM GMT 30 Oct 2007 (2007-10-30). ""Top 100 living geniuses" ''The Daily Telegraph'' 28 October 2007". Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html. Retrieved 2011-12-21. 
  46. ^ "Web inventor gets Queen's honour". BBC. 13 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6750395.stm. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 
  47. ^ "IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award Recipients". IEEE. http://www.ieee.org/documents/maxwell_rl.pdf. Retrieved 4 October 2011 (2011-10-04). 
  48. ^ "Scientific pioneers honoured by The University of Manchester". manchester.ac.uk. 2 December 2008. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=4216. Retrieved 10 October 2011. 
  49. ^ "Universidad Politécnica de Madrid: Berners-Lee y Vinton G. Cerf—Doctores Honoris Causa por la UPM". http://www2.upm.es/portal/site/institucional/menuitem.fa77d63875fa4490b99bfa04dffb46a8/?vgnextoid=c5d0492bf33c0210VgnVCM10000009c7648aRCRD. Retrieved 15 August 2010. 
  50. ^ Press Release: Sir Tim Berners Lee, Inventor of the World Wide Web, to receive Webby Lifetime Award At the 13th Annual Webby Awards Webby Awards.com Retrieved 21 January 2011
  51. ^ Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (22 July 2008). "Uitvinder World Wide Web krijgt eredoctoraat Vrije Universiteit" (in Dutch). http://www.vu.nl/nl/Images/pb%2009.082%20Eredoctoraat_tcm9-94528.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 
  52. ^ NU.nl (22 July 2008). "'Bedenker' wereldwijd web krijgt eredoctoraat VU" (in Dutch). http://www.nu.nl/internet/2046688/bedenker-wereldwijd-web-krijgt-eredoctoraat-vu.html. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 
  53. ^ Harvard awards 9 honorary degrees news.harvard.edu Retrieved 11 June 2011
  54. ^ "AI's Hall of Fame". IEEE Intelligent Systems (IEEE Computer Society) 26 (4): 5–15. 2011. doi:10.1109/MIS.2011.64. http://www.computer.org/cms/Computer.org/ComputingNow/homepage/2011/0811/rW_IS_AIsHallofFame.pdf.  edit
  55. ^ "IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Artificial Intelligence Leaders". DigitalJournal.com. 24 August 2011 (2011-08-24). http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/399442. Retrieved 18 September 2011 (2011-09-18).  Press release source: PRWeb (Vocus).
  56. ^ 2012 Inductees, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed April 24, 2012
  57. ^ Berners-Lee, Timothy (1998). "The World Wide Web and the "Web of Life"". World Wide Web Consortium. http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/UU.html. Retrieved 25 May 2008. 

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Preceded by
First recipient		 Millennium Technology Prize winner
2004 (for the World Wide Web)		 Succeeded by
Shuji Nakamura

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