In the 1700s, Johann Daniel Titus observed a mathematical
progression between the distances from the sun of the then known
planets as measured in Astronomical Units. This came to be known as
the Titius-Bode Law and predicted that each planet would be roughly
twice as far from the sun as the next planet toward the sun.
The Titius-Bode Law predicted that a planet should be in orbit
between Mars and Jupiter and the absence of such a planet puzzled
astronomers. When an organized search was made, what we now call
the minor planet Ceres was found, as was Pallas, both in the
predicted orbial region. This gave rise to a theory that a planet
had once existed in that orbit, but that it had disintegrated at
some point in the past. That theory is now discredited as we know
that the gravitational influence of Jupiter prevented formation of
a large body.
The Titius-Bode Law was also consistant with the orbit of Uranus
when it was found, but failed for the orbits of Neptune and Pluto.
It has since been further discredited and is no longer considered
to be a valid description of solar system structure.