tittle

Lowercase i and j in Liberation Serif, with tittles in red.

A tittle is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic or the dot on a lowercase i or j. The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of i and j, but diacritic dots can appear over other letters in various languages. In most languages, the tittle of i or j is omitted when a diacritic is placed in the tittle's usual position (as í or ĵ), but not when the diacritic appears elsewhere (as į, ɉ).

History and usage

The tittle first appeared in Latin manuscripts in the 11th century, to distinguish the letter i from strokes of nearby letters.^{[citation needed]} Although originally a larger mark, it was reduced to a dot when Roman-style typefaces were introduced.

The word tittle is rarely used. Its most prominent occurrence is in the introduction to the Antithesis of the Law in the Gospel of Matthew (5:18): "For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled" (KJV). The quotation uses them as an example of extremely minor details. The phrase "jot and tittle" indicates that every small detail has received attention.

In the Greek original translated as English "jot and tittle" is found iota and keraia (Greek: κεραία).^[1] Iota is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet (ι), and was used as a small diacritic below other vowels (the hypogegrammeni) in ancient Greek texts.^[2] Alternatively, it may represent yodh (י), the smallest letter of the Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets. "Keraia" is a hook or serif, possibly referring to other Greek diacritics, or possibly to the hooks on Hebrew or Aramaic letters, (ב) versus (כ), or additional marks such as crowns (e.g. the Vulgate apex) found in the Torah. A keraia is also used in Greek numerals.

Dotless and dotted i

Example of the dotless i on an Irish roadsign.

A number of alphabets use dotted and dotless I, both upper and lower case.

In the modern Turkish alphabet, the absence or presence of a tittle distinguishes two different letters representing two different phonemes: the letter "I" / "ı", with the absence of a tittle also on the lower case letter, represents the close back unrounded vowel [ɯ], while "İ" / "i", with the inclusion of a tittle even on the capital letter, represents the close front unrounded vowel [i].

In the latest Latin-based Kazakh alphabet, there is also a dotted and dotless letter i and I for different sounds.

There is only one letter I in Irish, but i is undotted in the traditional uncial Gaelic script to avoid confusion of the tittle with the buailte overdot found over consonants. Modern texts replace the buailte with an h, and use the same antiqua-descendant fonts, which have a tittle, as other Latin-alphabet languages. However, bilingual road signs use dotless i in lowercase Irish text to better distinguish i from í. The letter "j" is not used in Irish other than in foreign words.

In most Latin-based orthographies, the lowercase letter i loses its dot when a diacritical mark, such as an acute or grave accent, is placed atop the letter. However, in Vietnamese^[3] and in the Baltic languages,^[4] the lowercase letter i sometimes retains its dot even when accented. This detail rarely occurs in computers and on the Internet, due to the obscurity of language-specific fonts.

Phrases

• It is thought that the phrase "to a T" is derived from this word.^[5]
• The phrase "to dot one's is and cross one's ts" is used literally and also to mean "to put the finishing touches to" or "to be thorough".

References

Sources

• Dictionary.com — Tittle
• Not One "Jot or Tittle"

External links

• Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon
• "Tittle" on Everything2