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As expected from Inductive(/hypercojugative) as well as ortho effect the basicity order should be: ortho-toluidine>para-toluidine>meta-toluidine. But, experimental order is: para-toluidine(Pka=5.12)>meta-toluidine(Pka=4.69)>ortho-toluidine(Pka=4.39).

The order of basicity is explained by two opposing effects :i) inductive effect ii) Stability of the conjugate base. Here 2nd factor is more significant for ortho-toluidine & 1st factor is important for para-toluidine. For ortho-toluidine the conjugate base [o-MeC6H4NH3+] is destabilized by steric interaction between -NH3+ & -Me(at ortho). This desatabilization is absent with para-toluidine & meta-toluidine.Tha's why basicity of: ortho-toluidine(Pka=4.39)< para & meta isomer.On the other hand,in meta toluidine only +I of Me is operative whereas in para-toludine both hypercojugative & +I of Me is operative, that's why basicity of: para-toluidine(Pka=5.12)>meta-toluidine(Pka=4.69).

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As expected from Inductive(/hypercojugative) as well as ortho effect the basicity order should be: ortho-toluidine>para-toluidine>meta-toluidine. But, experimental order is: para-toluidine(Pka=5.12)>meta-toluidine(Pka=4.69)>ortho-toluidine(Pka=4.39).

The order of basicity is explained by two opposing effects :i) inductive effect ii) Stability of the conjugate base. Here 2nd factor is more significant for ortho-toluidine & 1st factor is important for para-toluidine. For ortho-toluidine the conjugate base [o-MeC6H4NH3+] is destabilized by steric interaction between -NH3+ & -Me(at ortho). This desatabilization is absent with para-toluidine & meta-toluidine.Tha's why basicity of: ortho-toluidine(Pka=4.39)< para & meta isomer.On the other hand,in meta toluidine only +I of Me is operative whereas in para-toludine both hypercojugative & +I of Me is operative, that's why basicity of: para-toluidine(Pka=5.12)>meta-toluidine(Pka=4.69).

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??

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In the presence of heat and acetic acid, ortho-toluidine (also called

o-toluidine) reacts rapidly with aldohexoses (mostly glucose) to form a green-colored

complex that can be measured at 630 nm.

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A

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Para toluidine appears as white lustrous plates or leaflets with an amine odour at room temperature. It melts at 430C.

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