tongue

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beef tongue

A fleshy and muscular organ that is pink or grayish. Tongue is covered with a thick and rough mucous membrane that is not eaten. Beef tongue is the thickest and largest. Calf tongue is the most tender and tasty. Pig tongue is soft to the touch. Bird tongues and those of certain fish (cod) are also edible.

Buying

Choose: a tongue without any marks. Buy 6-7 oz (165-200 g) of raw tongue for a cooked 3 oz (90 g) serving.

Preparing

Brush the tongue under cold water and soak for 4-12 hr (preferably) in cold water (refresh the water 2 or 3 times).

Serving Ideas

Cooked tongue is breaded and fried, smoked or marinated. It can be eaten cold (seasoned with mustard, dressed with vinaigrette or brined, in salads and sandwiches).

Storing

In the fridge: 1-2 days.

In the freezer: 3-4 months.

Cooking

Poached then braised: beef tongue is poached for 2 hr, then braised 4 hr; calf, lamb or pig tongues are poached for 45 min, then braised for 2 hr. Once cooled, remove the tongue's skin.

Nutritional Information

Browse other variety meats: Introduction | Heart | Liver | Sweetbreads | Tongue | Brains | Kidneys | Tripe

Browse other foods: Vegetables | Legumes | Fruits | Nuts and Seeds | Seaweeds | Mushrooms | Cereals and Grains | Fish | Crustaceans | Mollusks | Herbs, Spices and Seasonings | Meats | Variety Meats | Delicatessen Meats | Poultry | Dairy Products | Sugars, Cocoa and Carob | Fats and Oils | Binders and Leavenings | Coffee, Tea and Herbal Teas

For more information on tongue, visit Britannica.com.

An organ located at the base of the oral cavity and found in all vertebrate animals. It is best developed in terrestrial vertebrates, where it takes on the functions of food procurement, food transport, and acquisition of chemosensory signals. The tongue generally is not a significant independent organ in fish, and it is secondarily reduced in organisms that feed aquatically, such as crocodilians and some turtles.

Within terrestrial vertebrates, there is considerable variability in the specific structure of the tongue, the degree of participation of the hyoid skeleton (that is, a complex of bones at the base of the tongue which supports the tongue and its muscles), and the mechanisms of movement. In birds the tongue is merely a thickened epithelium that overlies the hyoid apparatus. Movement is produced by moving various hyoid elements. In most amphibians, including both frogs and salamanders, the hyoid provides extensive support, but considerable intrinsic tongue musculature exists. In squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) and mammals the tongue is largely independent of the hyoid apparatus and is composed entirely of muscle. The musculature is tightly packed in the tongue and is generally arranged in three mutually perpendicular planes. In the mammalian tongue the musculature is arranged into longitudinal, transverse, and vertical bundles. Organs composed entirely of muscle and lacking independent skeletal systems, termed muscular hydrostats, are widespread. One of the primary advantages of a muscular hydrostat is that bending is not restricted to movement at joints, and the highly subdivided muscular and neural systems seen in mammalian tongues in particular produce movements that are remarkably specific, complex, and diverse.

While muscular-hydrostatic movements characterize the tongue of most mammals and many lizards and snakes, many of the most spectacular tongue projectors, such as chameleon lizards and plethodontid salamanders, do not use this mechanism in protrusion. These organisms have developed separate mechanisms in which the muscular tongue is projected ballistically from the body. In both, a muscle squeezes a process of the hyoid apparatus to generate the projectile force.

From various animals, e.g. lamb, ox, sheep. A 150-g portion is an exceptionally rich source of iron, a rich source of protein, niacin, and vitamin B₂; contains about 35 g of fat and supplies 450 kcal (1900 kJ).

[TUHNG] Tongues of beef, veal, lamb and pork are nutritious and appetizing variety meats. They can be found fresh, pickled, smoked and corned and can be prepared in a variety of ways to be served hot or cold. All tongue is tough and requires long, slow cooking to make it tender. Beef tongues weigh from 2 to 5 pounds, veal tongues from 1⁄2 to 2 pounds, pork tongues about 1 pound and lamb tongues around 1⁄4 pound. Fresh tongue should be refrigerated for no more than a day before cooking. Scrub thoroughly before using.

The tongue plays an essential part in three main processes: in moving food around in the mouth — towards the teeth for mastication, and towards the throat for swallowing; in the special sense of taste; and in normal speech production. It is covered by a mucous membrane that is continuous with the lining of the rest of the mouth and the throat; this is kept moist by the mucous saliva secreted from small glands in its own surface as well as from the main salivary glands. The characteristic roughness of the healthy tongue is due to four types of papillae that cover the top and sides of the front two-thirds. These are outgrowths of the epithelium — the covering layer — and are of various shapes and sizes. Three types of papillae contain taste buds; the largest but least numerous of the papillae, found towards the back of the tongue, have taste buds arrayed in grooves that surround them.

The bulk of the tongue is made up of a set of muscles attached at one end to hard tissues external to the tongue and inserted at the other end into the fibrous tissue of the tongue itself; these are the extrinsic muscles. There are, in addition, vertical and transverse intrinsic muscle fibres that are attached at both ends to fibrous tissue within the tongue; their prime function is to alter the shape of the tongue. The tongue musculature is largely contained within a fibrous sac, so the whole maintains a constant volume irrespective of its shape.

There are three main paired extrinsic mus-cles on each side; their attachments allow the production of the three main components of tongue movement:

The genioglossus muscles take origin from the middle of the back of the lower jaw and have a fan-like insertion into each side of the midline of the tongue. Their contraction protrudes the tongue.

The hyoglossus muscles take origin from each side of the horseshoe-shaped hyoid bone. (This lies below the tongue and is suspended by a sling of muscles from the jaw and the skull.) They extend forward into the tongue at the sides of the genioglossus muscles. Their contraction shortens the tongue towards its base on the hyoid.

The styloglossus muscles take origin from the styloid process on the base of the skull and pass downwards and forwards into side edges of the tongue. Their contraction elevates the sides of the tongue, forming a gutter in the middle.

During feeding, contraction of the styloglossus muscle of one side causes that side of the tongue to tilt upwards. Consequently, solid food is moved to the opposite side of the mouth, placing it between the occluding surfaces of the teeth for chewing. In contrast, all movements involved in the intra-oral transport of food, and in swallowing, are bilaterally symmetrical, so that the bolus moves in the midline.

During mastication, the mechanosensory function of the tongue is essential for the ability to sort the broken particles of food so that the largest remaining particles are always preferentially selected for placement between the occluding teeth. The mechanosensory receptors in the mucosa have an additional role because the control of tongue posture depends mainly upon information supplied by them. The nerves that carry the information to the brain stem for this and for the sense of taste are the cranial nerves V, VII (taste), and IX (the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves). The motor nerve from the brain stem to most of the tongue muscles is the hypoglossal (XII).

During speech, movements of the tongue take part, along with those of the jaw, the lips, and the cheeks, in the complex configurations of this part of the ‘vocal tract’ that are necessary for articulation.

Looking at the tongue is a diagnostic tradition. It can become coated, glossy, or smoothed in a variety of systemic illnesses, but most changes are non-specific. Because the tongue is essentially a bag of muscles, a drop in the activity of those muscles makes the bag floppy so that its posture is governed primarily by gravity. Failure to maintain the tongue in a forward position, by maintaining contraction of the genioglossus muscles, may therefore restrict or block the airway, especially if a person is lying on their back. Such a blockage can occur in someone who is unconscious from any cause — from fainting to brain damage. Under normal circumstances the converse also applies: a restriction of airflow causes a reflex increase in genioglossus activity.

— Allan Thexton

See alimentary system. See also jaw; mouth; speech; swallowing; taste.

noun

A system of terms used by a people sharing a history and culture: dialect, language, speech, vernacular. Linguistics langue. See words.

Idioms beginning with tongue:
tongue hangs out, one's
tongue in cheek, with
tongues wag

See also bite one's tongue; cat got someone's tongue; hold one's tongue; keep a civil tongue; on the tip of one's tongue; slip of the lip (tongue).

The common remark to people who complain of having a pimple or spot on their tongue, that they have been lying, is old indeed. In England it goes back at least to the 17th century—Shakespeare alludes to it (Winter's Tale (1611), ii. ii): ‘If I prove honeymouthed, let my tongue blister’, as do John Aubrey (1686/1880: 28) and several other 17th-century writers. But this is nothing compared to Theocritus (Idylls (c.275 BC), XII) ‘Nor midst my song shall tell-tale blisters rise, and gall my tongue’. The same thing about falsehood is said of people who accidentally bite their tongue when eating. The tip of a calf's tongue is regularly reported as a lucky charm, carried in the pocket and called the ‘lucky bit’, this was first mentioned in Northamptonshire in its mid-19th century (Sternberg, 1851: 172-3). Igglesden (c.1932: 127, 146) reports a surgeon who carried a tip of a human tongue, and a Thames bargee who believed in the luck of a cat's tongue.

Bibliography
The full bibliography list is available here.

• Opie and Tatem, 1989: 146
• Igglesden, c.1932: 127, 146
• Lean, 1903: ii. 296

A projecting member, either as a continuous ridge along the edge of a board or plank, or as a tenon on the end of a wood member; intended to be fitted into a corresponding groove or opening in another member to form a joint.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

A muscular organ on the floor of the mouth; it aids in chewing, swallowing and speech, and is the location of organs of taste. The taste buds are located in the papillae, which are projections on the upper surface of the tongue.

• t. abscess — as well as true abscesses there are pseudoabscesses, common in companion birds, which are accumulations of inspissated, keratinized, epithelial debris, caused usually by a nutritional deficiency of vitamin A.
• bifid t. — a tongue with a lengthwise cleft.
• bird t. — see bird tongue.
• black t. — see blacktongue.
• cleft t. — bifid tongue.
• coated t. — one covered with a whitish or yellowish layer consisting of desquamated epithelium, debris, bacteria, fungi, etc.
• t. cyst — see thyroglossal cyst.
• t. deformity — the tongue may be shrunken because of prior inflammation, the tip may have been torn off, e.g. in lambs by predators. There is difficulty in prehending food and in managing in the mouth so that saliva and ruminal juices drool down the chin staining skin. Called tobacco chewers.
• t. edema — caused by local obstruction to venous blood flow, most dramatically displayed in a fetus presented anteriorly but delayed in parturition because of incompatibility in size between it and the birth canal, or bee or other hymenoptera sting.
• t. frenulum — see lingual frenulum.
• furrowed t. — a tongue with numerous furrows or grooves on the dorsal surface, often radiating from a groove on the midline.
• geographic t. — a tongue with denuded patches, surrounded by thickened epithelium.
• hairy t. — one with the papillae elongated and hairlike.
• t. hypertrophy — an occasional congenital anomaly in pigs.
• t. inflammation — see glossitis.
• inherited smooth t. — see smooth tongue.
• lolling t. — one that protrudes from the mouth, usually to one side. Seen in some short-nosed dogs and as a vice in horses.
• t. lyssa — see lyssa (2).
• t. paralysis — see glossoplegia.
• t. protrusion — caused by paralysis (hypoglossal nerve dysfunction), Phalaris spp. poisoning, swelling, e.g. edema, laceration.
• t. rolling — a vice in housed cattle. The animal rolls its tongue around in its half-opened mouth and may partially swallow it.
• scrotal t. — fissured tongue.
• t. vice — see tongue rolling (above).
• wooden t. — see actinobacillosis.
• t. worm — see linguatula serrata.

The muscular organ that is the main articulatory element in the production of speech and accounts for the clarity and fluidity of speech. Two groups of tongue muscles, the intrinsic and extrinsic, are united into one organ. Each group, however, has separate structural and functional characteristics.

Tongue. (Liebgott, 2001)

• Head and Neck - tongue: movable muscular part of floor of mouth, used in talking, tasting, and eating
• Mouth and Teeth - tongue: movable fleshy part of floor of mouth with sense receptors and small glands that assists in talking and eating
• Building and Machine Parts - tongue: projecting piece of wood fitted into corresponding groove
• Meats and Cuts of Meat
• Parts of Shoes and Accessories - tongue: attached piece across top of foot, esp. under laces
• Linguistics and Writing Systems - tongue: language or dialect
• Intonation and Inflection - tongue: produce speech effects with one’s tongue; sound certain words
• Tastes - tongue: movable organ on floor of mouth used in eating and containing taste buds that perceive flavors

For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)

Tongue
A human tongue
Latin	lingua
Gray's	subject #242 1125
Vein	lingual
Nerve	Anterior 2/3: lingual nerve & chorda tympani Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Precursor	pharyngeal arches, lateral lingual swelling, tuberculum impar[1]
MeSH	Tongue
Dorlands/Elsevier	Tongue

The tongue is a muscular hydrostat on the floors of the mouths of most vertebrates which manipulates food for mastication. It is the primary organ of taste (gustation), as much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in papillae and taste buds. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. In humans a secondary function of the tongue is phonetic articulation. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning one's teeth.^[2] The ability to perceive different tastes is not localised in different parts of the tongue, as is widely believed.^[3] This error arose because of misinterpretation of some 19th century research (see tongue map).

Contents 1 Description 1.1 Musculature 1.1.1 Extrinsic muscles 1.1.2 Intrinsic muscles 1.2 Vasculature 1.3 Nerve supply 2 Length 3 Tongue physiology 4 Tongue pathology 5 Use in pharmacy 6 Non-human tongues 6.1 As food 7 Etymology 7.1 Figures of speech 8 Cultural aspects 8.1 Body art 9 See also 10 Notes 11 External links

Description

This section requires expansion.

Musculature

Main article: Muscles of tongue

The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone.

Extrinsic muscles

1. Genioglossus
2. Hyoglossus
3. Styloglossus
4. Palatoglossus

The extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.

Intrinsic muscles

1. Superior longitudinal
2. Inferior longitudinal
3. Verticalis
4. Transversus

The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They are not involved with changing the position of the tongue and are not attached to bone.

Vasculature

The underside of a human tongue

The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery and lingual veins which drain into internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery. The triangle formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve is sometimes called Pirogov's, Pirogoff's, or Pirogov-Belclard's triangle.^[4][5] The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrage from the tongue.

There is also secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Nerve supply

Anterior 2/3rds of tongue

• General somatic afferent: lingual nerve branch of V3 of the trigeminal nerve CN V
• Taste: chorda tympani branch of facial nerve CN VII (carried to the tongue by the lingual nerve).

Posterior 1/3rd of tongue

• General somatic afferent and taste: Glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX

Motor

• All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus, which is innervated by CN X of the pharyngeal plexus.

Length

The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm (4 in).^[6]

Tongue physiology

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells are known as tastants. Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva, it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction.^[7]

Tongue is composed of many taste buds, and each taste bud is composed of taste cells that can sense different tastes. There are taste cells for: sweet, bitter, salty or sour, and umami. ^[8]

Tongue pathology

Main article: Tongue disease

After the gums, the tongue is the second most common soft tissue site for various pathologies in the oral cavity. Pathological conditions of the tongue include geographic tongue,^[9] burning mouth syndrome, tongue necrosis,^[10] oral hairy leukoplakia, granular cell tumor and squamous cell carcinoma.^[11] Owing to optimal conditions of humidity, temperature and hiding niche between the tongue papillae and inside the pierced tongue, the tongue is a preferred site for colonization of Candida albicans.^[12]

Use in pharmacy

Many infections are often found on or under the tongue. One rare but very possible infection is gonorrhea, characterized by small white bumps located underneath the tongue. The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from I.V. administration) of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris. If the tablet is swallowed, the medication is completely neutralized by the detoxification process of the liver.^{[citation needed]}

Non-human tongues

An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue

Most vertebrate animals have tongues. In mammals such as dogs and cats, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture which allows them to remove oils and parasites. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.^[13][14]

Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons, frogs, and anteaters have prehensile tongues.

Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods.^[15][16]

Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc, but these are not related to the tongues found in vertebrates.

As food

See also: Beef tongue

The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in Kosher delicatessens in America. Taco de lengua (lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. Tongue can also be prepared as birria. Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan dishes, while lamb's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod tongue is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland. In Argentina and Uruguay cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar (lengua a la vinagreta). In the Czech Republic and Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy,and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jelled; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common.

Etymology

The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge, which comes from Proto-Germanic *tungōn.^[17] It has cognates in other Germanic languages — for example tonge in West Frisian, tong in Dutch/Afrikaans, tunge in Danish/Norwegian and tunga in Icelandic/Faroese/Swedish. The ue ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic".^[17] Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century.

It can be used as a metonym for language, as in the phrase mother tongue. Many languages^[18] have the same word for "tongue" and "language".

Figures of speech

A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The expression tongue in cheek refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously; something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition, "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want to due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip. Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia, which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue, and a smooth-talking person said to have a silver tongue.

Cultural aspects

A Thai student sticks her tongue out as a posture in taking photograph

Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness and/or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting.^[19] A farmer from Fabriano, Italy was convicted and fined by the country's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing. Proof of the affront had been captured with a cell phone camera.^[20] Blowing a raspberry can also be meant as a gesture of derision.

Body art

Being a cultural custom for long time, tongue piercing and splitting has become quite common in western countries in recent decades, with up to one-fifth of young adults having at least one piece of body art in the tongue.^[21]

See also

• Electronic tongue
• Language
• Licking
• List of Mendelian traits in humans
• Taste buds on the tongue
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
• Tongue splitting
• Tongue cleaner
• Tongue piercing
• Tongue-twister
• Vocal tract
• Tongue disease
• Oral cancer

Notes

1. ^ hednk-024 — Embryology at UNC
2. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins, Charles William McLaughlin, Susan Johnson, Maryanna Quon Warner, David LaHart, Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. 
3. ^ The Taste Map: All Wrong Scientific American, 2001-03-18.
4. ^ Pirogov's triangle
5. ^ Jamrozik, T.; Wender, W. (January 1952). "Topographic anatomy of lingual arterial anastomoses; Pirogov-Belclard's triangle". Folia Morphologica 3 (1): 51–62. PMID 13010300. 
6. ^ Robin Kerrod (1997). MacMillan's Encyclopedia of Science. 6. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc.. ISBN 0-02-864558-8. 
7. ^ Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition - Tortora, Chapter-17, Page-602.
8. ^ Human Physiology: An integrated approach 5th Edition - Silverthorn, Chapter-10, Page-352.
9. ^ Zadik Y, Drucker S, Pallmon S (Aug 2011). "Migratory stomatitis (ectopic geographic tongue) on the floor of the mouth". J Am Acad Dermatol 65 (2): 459–60. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.016. PMID 21763590. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962210004883. 
10. ^ Zadik Y, Findler M, Maly A, et al. (January 2011). "A 78-year-old woman with bilateral tongue necrosis". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 111 (1): 15–9. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.09.001. PMID 21176820. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP1-51RVMB0-F&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2011&_rdoc=15&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236977%232011%23998889998%232814774%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6977&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=111&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=9a2b15759358123bfbffedf7a8652add&searchtype=a. 
11. ^ Lam L, Logan RM, Luke C (March 2006). "Epidemiological analysis of tongue cancer in South Australia for the 24-year period, 1977-2001". Aust Dent J 51 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00395.x. PMID 16669472. 
12. ^ Zadik Yehuda, Burnstein Saar, Derazne Estella, Sandler Vadim, Ianculovici Clariel, Halperin Tamar (March 2010). "Colonization of Candida: prevalence among tongue-pierced and non-pierced immunocompetent adults". Oral Dis 16 (2): 172–5. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01618.x. PMID 19732353. 
13. ^ A dog's tongue
14. ^ Krönert, H.; Pleschka, K. (January 1976). "Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting". Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 367 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1007/BF00583652. ISSN 0031-6768. http://www.springerlink.com/content/n3u34u4220384846/. Retrieved June 24, 2011. 
15. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 298–299. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. 
16. ^ Kingsley, John Sterling (1912). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. P. Blackiston's son & co.. pp. 217–220. ISBN 1-112-23645-7. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Online Etymology Dictionary
18. ^ Afrikaans tong; Danish tunge; Albanian gjuha; Armenian lezu (լեզու); Greek glóssa (γλώσσα); Irish teanga; Manx çhengey; Latin and Italian lingua; Catalan llengua; French langue; Portuguese língua; Spanish lengua; Romanian limba; Bulgarian ezik (език); Polish język; Russian yazyk (язык); Czech and Slovak jazyk; Slovene, Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian jezik; Kurdish ziman (زمان); Persian and Urdu zabān (زبان); Arabic lisān (لسان); Aramaic liššānā (ܠܫܢܐ/לשנא); Hebrew lāšon (לָשׁוֹן); Maltese ilsien; Estonian keel; Finnish kieli; Hungarian nyelv; Azerbaijani and Turkish dil; Kazakh and Khakas til (тіл)
19. ^ Bhuchung K Tsering (27 December 2007). "Tibetan culture in the 21st century". http://www.tibetwrites.org/?Tibetan-Culture-in-the-21st. Retrieved 13 February 2012. 
20. ^ Sticking out your tongue ruled illegal
21. ^ Levin Liran, Zadik Yehuda, Becker Tal (December 2005). "Oral and dental complications of intra-oral piercing". Dent Traumatol 21 (6): 341–3. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2005.00395.x. PMID 16262620. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118672805/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 

External links

University of Manitoba, Anatomy of the Vocal Tract

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: tongue

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tongue Look up tongue in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

v t e Human systems and organs TA 2–4: MS Skeletal system Bone (Carpus · Collar bone (clavicle) · Thigh bone (femur) · Fibula · Humerus · Mandible · Metacarpus · Metatarsus · Ossicles · Patella · Phalanges · Radius · Skull (cranium) · Tarsus · Tibia · Ulna · Rib · Vertebra · Pelvis · Sternum) · Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint · Cartilaginous joint · Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle · Tendon · Diaphragm TA 5–11: splanchnic/ viscus mostly Thoracic Respiratory system URT (Nose, Nasopharynx, Larynx) · LRT (Trachea, Bronchus, Lung) mostly Abdominopelvic Digestive system+ adnexa Mouth (Salivary gland, Tongue) · upper GI (Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx, Esophagus, Stomach) · lower GI (Small intestine, Appendix, Colon, Rectum, Anus) · accessory (Liver, Biliary tract, Pancreas) GU: Urinary system Kidney · Ureter · Bladder · Urethra GU: Reproductive system Female (Uterus, Vagina, Vulva, Ovary, Placenta) · Male (Scrotum, Penis, Prostate, Testicle, Seminal vesicle) Endocrine system Pituitary · Pineal · Thyroid · Parathyroid · Adrenal · Islets of Langerhans TA 12–16 Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral (Artery, Vein, Lymphatic vessel) · Heart Lymphatic system primary (Bone marrow, Thymus) · secondary (Spleen, Lymph node) Nervous system (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerve) · Sensory system (Ear, Eye) Integumentary system Skin · Subcutaneous tissue · Breast (Mammary gland) Blood (Non-TA) Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

v t e Head and neck anatomy, digestive system: Mouth anatomy (TA A05.1–2, TH H3.04.01, GA 11.1110–2, 1125–1141) Mouth Oral cavity (including mucosa) Vestibule Lip (Upper, Lower, Vermilion border, Frenulum of lower lip, Labial commissure of mouth, Philtrum) Cheek (Buccal fat pad) OC proper Palate/ roof of mouth Hard palate · Soft palate · Palatine raphe · Incisive papilla Gingiva Interdental papilla · Gingival sulcus · Gingival margin · Free gingival margin · Gingival fibers · Junctional epithelium · Mucogingival junction · Sulcular epithelium · Stippling Periodontium: Cementum · Gingiva · Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland/Parotid duct · Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct · Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue dorsum (Taste bud, Median sulcus, Terminal sulcus, Foramen cecum, Lingual tonsils) · underside (Frenulum, Fimbriated fold, Sublingual caruncle) · Anterior · Posterior · Glossoepiglottic folds · Lingual septum Oro-pharynx/ fauces Oropharyngeal isthmus/Isthmus of the fauces Soft palate (Uvula, Palatoglossal arch, Palatopharyngeal arch, Plica semilunaris of the fauces) Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil M: MOU anat/devp noco/cofa(c)/cogi/tumr, sysi proc (peri), drug (A1)

v t e Sensory system: Gustatory system (TA 15.4, GA 10.991) Tongue Taste bud (Vallate papilla, Foliate papilla, Fungiform papilla) · Filiform papilla Path medulla: Solitary tract (VII, IX, X)  · Solitary nucleus (Gustatory nucleus) pons: Central tegmental tract · Parabrachial nucleus (Hypothalamus, Amygdala) thalamus: Ventral posteromedial nucleus cerebrum: Posterior limb of internal capsule · Gustatory cortex Other Basic tastes M: TST anat, phys sysi –

v t e Taste Basic tastes Bitterness · Saltiness  · Sourness · Sweetness · Umami Anatomy Epiglottis · Pharynx · Soft palate · Tongue Other Aftertaste · Acquired taste · Piquance · Scoville scale · Supertaster · Tongue map See also Sight · Hearing · Smell · Touch M: TST anat, phys sysi –

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Common misspelling(s) of tongue

• tounge

Dansk (Danish)
n. - tunge, mål, dialekt, sprog, landtange, knebel
v. tr. - sammenpløje
v. intr. - række tunge, spille med tungestød

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    udtale
• hold one's tongue    holde mund med
• tongue depressor    tungespatel
• tongue in cheek    underfundig, ironisk
• tongue lashing    udskældning
• tongue of flame    kraftig udskældning
• tongue tied    tavs, stum
• tongue twister    svært ord eller svær sætning
• tongues are wagging    snakken går, sladderen går
• with one's tongue hanging out    gispe af tørst

Nederlands (Dutch)
tong, taal, (ossen)tong, leertje (over wreef van schoen), tongvormig iets (land of vuur), klepel

Français (French)
n. - (Anat, fig) langue, langue (étrangère), (Culin) langue, languette, langue (d'une flamme)
v. tr. - (Mus) détacher, (Mus) attaquer en coup de langue
v. intr. - (Mus) détacher

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    arriver à prononcer
• hold one's tongue    tenir sa langue
• tongue depressor    (Méd) abaisse-langue
• tongue in cheek    au deuxième degré
• tongue lashing    (faire) des remarques cinglantes
• tongue of flame    langue de feu
• tongue twister    phrase amusante pour exercices de diction
• tongues are wagging    cela va faire jaser
• with one's tongue hanging out    avec la langue pendante

Deutsch (German)
n. - Zunge, Sprache, Klöppel, Dorn, Lasche
v. - mit Zungenstoß blasen

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    aussprechen
• hold one's tongue    schweigen
• tongue depressor    Zungenspatel
• tongue in cheek    nicht ernst gemeint, ironisch
• tongue lashing    Standpauke
• tongue of flame    Flammenzunge
• tongue twister    Zungenbrecher
• tongues are wagging    klatschen
• with one's tongue hanging out    mit (heraus)hängender Zunge

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ανατ.) γλώσσα, (μαγειρ.) βοδινή γλώσσα, (μτφ.), λαλιά
v. - συναρμόζω με τόρμο (κν. μορσάρω)

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    μπερδεύομαι κατά την εκφορά
• hold one's tongue    σιωπώ, κρατώ τη γλώσσα μου
• tongue depressor    (ιατρ.) γλωσσοκάτοχο
• tongue in cheek    ειρωνικά, στ' αστεία
• tongue lashing    εξάψαλμος, κατσάδα
• tongue of flame    γλώσσα φωτιάς
• tongue tied    σιωπηλός, άφωνος, βουβός (από κατάπληξη), που κομπιάζει
• tongue twister    γλωσσοδέτης
• tongues are wagging    πέφτει πολλή κουβέντα
• with one's tongue hanging out    με τη γλώσσα κρεμασμένη, υπερπρόθυμα

Italiano (Italian)
lingua, battaglio

idioms:

• get your tongue round    riuscire a pronunciare
• hold your tongue    acqua in bocca, taci
• tongue in cheek    ironico
• tongue lashing    sgridata
• tongue of flame    incensato
• tongue tied    ammutolito
• tongue twister    scioglilingua
• with one's tongue hanging out    con la lingua fuori

Português (Portuguese)
n. - língua (f), idioma (f), linguagem (f)
v. - censurar, repreender, lamber

idioms:

• get your tongue round    cala a boca
• hold your tongue    calar-se
• tongue in cheek    falar brincando, com ironia, sarcasticamente
• tongue lashing    descompostura, reprimenda, bronca
• tongue of flame    língua (f) de fogo (fíg.)
• tongue tied    de língua presa, mudo, sem fala
• tongue twister    trava língua, palavra ou frase difícil de repetir
• with one's tongue hanging out    surpreso, com água na boca

Русский (Russian)
(анат.) язык, речь, система словесного творчества различных народов (русский яз.), манера говорить (злой яз.), (кул.) (копченый) язык, язык, ботинка

idioms:

• get your tongue round    трудно произносимое слово
• hold your tongue    придержи свой язык, замолчи
• tongue in cheek    лукавый/ирони- ческий/насмеш- ливый/неискрен- ний/издева- тельский
• tongue lashing    разбранить
• tongue of flame    пламя, языки пламени
• tongue tied    лишенный дара речи (от изумления и т.п.)
• tongue twister    скороговорка, труднопроизносимое слово или фраза
• with one's tongue hanging out    "с высунутым (от изнеможения) языком", чрезвычайно уставший

Español (Spanish)
n. - lengua, idioma, badajo, lengüeta
v. tr. - reñir , reprender, dar voz o expresión, engargolar, lamer, exclamar
v. intr. - hablar, charlar, echar lenguas de fuego, llamear, ladrar (el perro en la caza)

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    pronunciar palabras, algo difícil de pronunciar, trabalenguas
• hold one's tongue    cállese, callarse
• tongue depressor    espátula de madera utilizada por médicos para ver las amígdalas
• tongue in cheek    irónico, dicho con sorna
• tongue lashing    bronca
• tongue of flame    lenguas de fuego
• tongue twister    trabalenguas
• tongues are wagging    habladurías y chismes
• with one's tongue hanging out    con la lengua fuera

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - tunga, mål, målföre, språk, dialekt, tungomål
v. - spela med tungstöt (mus.), sponta (snick.)

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
舌, 讲话的方式, 语言能力, 舔, 斥责, 闲谈, 用舌吹奏管乐器, 饶舌, 说话, 呈舌形突出

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    正确发出...的音
• hold one's tongue    保持沉默, 不开口
• tongue depressor    压舌板, 压舌器
• tongue in cheek    无诚意的, 不可当真的, 假心假意的
• tongue lashing    严斥, 大声的斥责
• tongue of flame    毒舌
• tongue tied    张口结舌的, 结结巴巴的
• tongue twister    绕口令
• tongues are wagging    议论纷纷
• with one's tongue hanging out    口渴, 渴望着

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 舌, 講話的方式, 語言能力
v. tr. - 舔, 斥責, 閒談
v. intr. - 用舌吹奏管樂器, 饒舌, 說話, 呈舌形突出

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    正確發出...的音
• hold one's tongue    保持沈默, 不開口
• tongue depressor    壓舌板, 壓舌器
• tongue in cheek    無誠意的, 不可當真的, 假心假意的
• tongue lashing    嚴斥, 大聲的斥責
• tongue of flame    毒舌
• tongue tied    張口結舌的, 結結巴巴的
• tongue twister    繞口令
• tongues are wagging    議論紛紛
• with one's tongue hanging out    口渴, 渴望著

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 혀, 혀처럼 생긴 것
v. tr. - 혀로 불다, 말하다, 욕하다
v. intr. - 혀를 쓰다, 냄새를 맡고 짖다, 넘실거리다

idioms:

• get one's tongue round    발음하기 어려운 말을 바르게 발음하다
• with one's tongue hanging out    목이 말라, 갈망하여

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 舌, 言語, 舌肉, 話し方, 話す力, 細長い岬, 舌状の物, 言葉
v. - 舐める

idioms:

• forked tongue    二枚舌
• get your tongue round    正しく発音する
• tongue depressor    舌圧子
• tongue in cheek    冗談めかして, 本心と違って
• tongue lashing    激しく非難する
• tongue of flame    炎の舌
• tongue tied    口止めする
• tongue twister    早口言葉, 早口ことば
• with one's tongue hanging out    のどが渇いて, 渇望して

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) كلام, لسان (فعل) يثرثر, يتكلم‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮שפת-דיבור, לשון‬
v. tr. - ‮יצר הפסקות נגינה בחליל בלשונו‬
v. intr. - ‮השתמש בלשון ליצור הפסקות נגינה בחליל‬

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