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Medical Encyclopedia:

Tonsillitis

Definition

Tonsillitis is an infection and swelling of the tonsils, which are oval-shaped masses of lymph gland tissue located on both sides of the back of the throat.

Description

The tonsils normally help to prevent infections. They act like filters to trap bacteria and viruses entering

the body through the mouth and sinuses. The tonsils also stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies to help fight off infections. Anyone of any age can have tonsillitis; however, it is most common in children between the ages of five and 10 years.

— Altha Roberts Edgren


 
 
Dictionary: ton·sil·li·tis  (tŏn'sə-lī'tĭs) pronunciation
n.

Inflammation of the tonsils.

tonsillitic ton'sil·lit'ic (-lĭt'ĭk) adj.
 
Sci-Tech Encyclopedia: Tonsillitis

An inflammation of the tonsil. Tonsillitis is a nonspecific term usually referring to bacterial or viral infection involving all or part of Waldeyer's ring, a collection of lymphatic tissue encircling the pharynx. It consists primarily of the tonsils (palatine tonsils), adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils), and lingual tonsils.

The complication of tonsillitis depend on which tonsil is involved. Recurrent adenoiditis with adenoid hypertrophy is frequently associated with recurrent otitis media, middle-ear fluid, and at times nasal obstruction with mouth breathing and snoring. Acute palatine tonsillitis may be complicated by peritonsillar abscess which may develop lateral to the tonsillar capsule. Removal of the adenoids is considered when there is residual middle-ear fluid. Palatine tonsils must be removed after peritonsillar abscess, but otherwise their removal depends upon the frequency of recurrent attacks of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis in relation to the patient's age. See also Tonsil.

 
Dental Dictionary: tonsillitis
(ton′silī′tis)
n

Inflammation of the tonsils.

Tonsillitis. (Neville/Damm/Allen/Bouquot, 2002)

Tonsillitis. (Neville/Damm/Allen/Bouquot, 2002)

 
Alternative Medicine Encyclopedia: Tonsillitis

Definition

Tonsillitis is an infection and swelling of the tonsils, which are oval-shaped masses of lymph gland tissue located on both sides of the back of the throat.

Description

The tonsils normally help to prevent infections. They act like filters to trap bacteria and viruses entering the body through the mouth and sinuses. The tonsils also stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies which fight off infections. Anyone can have tonsillitis; however, it is most common in children between the ages of five and 10 years.

Causes & Symptoms

Tonsillitis is caused by viruses or bacteria that cause the tonsils to swell and become inflamed. A mild or severe sore throat is one of the first symptoms of tonsillitis. Symptoms can also include fever, chills, lethargy, muscle aches, earache, pain or discomfort when swallowing, and swollen glands in the neck. Young children may be fussy and stop eating. When a doctor or nurse looks into the mouth with a otoscope, the tonsils may appear swollen and red. Sometimes they will have white or yellow spots and a thin mucous coating. Symptoms usually last four to six days.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of tonsillitis is made from the visible symptoms and a physical examination of the patient. The doctor will examine the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, looking at the tonsils for signs of swelling, redness, or a discharge. A careful examination of the throat is necessary to rule out diphtheria and other conditions that may cause a sore throat. Since most sore throats in children are caused by viruses rather than bacteria, the doctor may take a throat culture or rapid diagnostic test in order to test for the presence of streptococcal bacteria. A throat culture is performed by wiping a cotton swab across the tonsils and back of the throat and sending the swab to a laboratory for culturing. Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium that causes strep throat, is the most common disease agent responsible for tonsillitis. Depending on what type of test is used for strep, the doctor may be able to determine within a few minutes if S. pyogenes is present. The quick tests for strep are not as reliable as a laboratory culture, which can take 24-48 hours. If the results of a quick test are positive, however, the doctor can prescribe antibiotics right away. If the quick test results are negative, the doctor can do a throat culture to verify the results and wait for the laboratory report before prescribing antibiotics. A blood test may also be done to rule out a more serious infection or condition, and to check the white blood cell count to see if the body is responding to the infection. In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests for mononucleosis, since about a third of patients with mononucleosis develop infections in the tonsils.

Treatment

Treatment of tonsillitis usually involves keeping the patient comfortable while the illness runs its course. This supportive care includes bed rest, drinking extra fluids, gargling with warm salt water, and taking pain relievers to reduce fever. Frozen juice bars and cold fruit drinks can bring some temporary relief of sore throat pain and drinking warm tea or broth can be soothing.

Strengthening the immune system is important whether tonsillitis is caused by bacteria or viruses. Naturopaths often recommend dietary supplements of vitamin C, bioflavonoids, and beta-carotenes—found naturally in fruits and vegetables—to ease inflammation and fight infection. A variety of herbal remedies also may be helpful in treating tonsillitis. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and cleavers (Galium aparine) target the lymphatic system, while echinacea (Echinacea spp.) and astragalus (Astragalus embranaceus) stimulate the immune system. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), myrrh (Commiphora molmol), and bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) act as antibacterials. Lomatium dissectum and Ligusticum porteri have an antiviral action.

Some of the homeopathic medicines that may be used to treat symptoms of tonsillitis include Belladonna, Phytolacca, Mercurius, Lycopodium, Lachesis, Hepar sulphuris, Arsenicum, or Rhus toxicodendron. As with any condition, the treatment and dosage should be appropriate for the particular symptoms and age of the patient. Other demulcent herbs include teas made with slippery elm bark, wild cherry, and licorice.

Allopathic Treatment

If the throat culture shows that S. pyogenes is present, penicillin or other antibiotics will be prescribed. An injection of benzathine or procaine penicillin may be most effective in treating the infection, but it is also painful. If an oral antibiotic is prescribed, it must be taken for the full course of treatment, which is usually 10-14 days.

Expected Results

Tonsillitis is usually resolved within a few days with rest and supportive care. Treating the symptoms of sore throat and fever will make the patient more comfortable. If fever persists for more than 48 hours, however, or is higher than 102°F (39°C), the patient should be seen by a doctor. If antibiotics are prescribed to treat an infection, they should be taken as directed for the complete course of treatment, even if the patient starts to feel better in a few days. Prolonged symptoms may indicate that the patient has other upper respiratory infections, most commonly in the ears or sinuses. An abscess behind the tonsil (a peritonsillar abscess) may also occur. In rare cases, a persistent sore throat may point to more serious conditions such as rheumatic fever or pneumonia.

Prevention

The bacteria and viruses that cause tonsillitis are easily spread from person to person. It is not unusual for an entire family or several students in the same classroom to come down with similar symptoms, especially if S. pyogenes is the cause. The risk of transmission can be lowered by avoiding exposure to anyone who already has tonsillitis or a sore throat. Drinking glasses and eating utensils should not be shared and should be washed in hot, soapy water before reuse. Old toothbrushes should be replaced to prevent reinfection. People who are caring for someone with tonsillitis should wash their hands frequently, to prevent spreading the infection to others.

Resources

Books

Berkow, Robert. "Tonsillitis." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Rahway, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1992.

Eckman, Margaret, and Nancy Priff. "Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders: Tonsillitis." In Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 1997.

Inlander, Charles B., ed., et al. "Tonsillitis." The Consumer's Medical Desk Reference. New York: A Stonesong Press Book, 1995.

Norris, June. "Tonsillitis." In Professional Guide to Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 1995.

Shaw, Michael. "Tonsillitis." In Everything You Need to Know about Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 1996.

[Article by: Kathleen D. Wright]

 
Children's Health Encyclopedia: Tonsillitis

Definition

Tonsillitis is an infection and swelling of the tonsils, which are oval-shaped masses of lymph gland tissue located on both sides of the back of the throat.

Description

The tonsils normally help to prevent infections. They act like filters to trap bacteria and viruses entering the body through the mouth and sinuses. The tonsils also stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that help fight infections. Anyone of any age can have tonsillitis; however, it is most common in children between the ages of five and 15 years.

Transmission

Tonsillitis is transmitted from one person to another in the same way that many common diseases are, such as by coughing and sneezing. It can also spread when a child touches his or her nose and then other children's toys or by children eating or drinking with the same utensils. Children with bacterial tonsillitis are usually no longer contagious 24 hours after beginning a course of antibiotics.

Demographics

Tonsillitis is very common among children. Nearly all children will have some form of tonsillitis at least once.

Causes and Symptoms

Tonsillitis is caused by viruses or bacteria that make the tonsils swell and become inflamed. Most cases of tonsillitis are caused by viruses, which cannot be treated with antibiotics. A mild or severe sore throat is one of the first symptoms of tonsillitis. Symptoms can also include fever, chills, tiredness, muscle aches, earache, pain or discomfort when swallowing, and swollen glands in the neck. Very young children may be fussy and stop eating. When a doctor or nurse looks into the mouth with a flashlight, the tonsils may appear swollen and red. Sometimes, the tonsils will have white or yellow spots or flecks. Symptoms usually last four to six days.

When to Call the Doctor

If the child is displaying the symptoms of tonsillitis and has had a sore throat for more than 48 hours, especially when accompanied by a fever, a doctor should be called. The doctor can determine if the child has tonsillitis, if it is bacterial or viral, and treat the problem accordingly. If the child cannot breathe or cannot swallow emergency medical attention should be sought.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of tonsillitis is made from the visible symptoms and a physical examination of the patient. The doctor examines the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, looking at the tonsils for signs of swelling, redness, or discharge. A careful examination of the throat is necessary to rule out diphtheria and other conditions that may cause a sore throat. Since most sore throats in children are caused by viruses rather than bacteria, the doctor may take a throat culture in order to test for the presence of streptococcal bacteria. A throat culture is performed by wiping a cotton swab across the tonsils and back of the throat and sending the swab to a laboratory for culturing. Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium that causes "strep" throat, is the most common bacterial agent responsible for tonsillitis. Depending on what type of test is used for strep, the doctor may be able to determine within a few minutes if S. pyogenes is present. The quick tests for strep are not as reliable as a laboratory culture, which can take 24 to 48 hours. If the results of a quick test are positive, however, the doctor can prescribe antibiotics right away. If the quick test results are negative, the doctor can do a throat culture to verify the results and wait for the laboratory report before prescribing antibiotics. A blood test may also be done to rule out a more serious infection or condition and to check the white blood cell count to see if the body is responding to the infection. In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests for mononucleosis, since about one third of patients with mononucleosis develop streptococcal infections of the tonsils.

Treatment

Treatment of tonsillitis usually involves keeping the patient comfortable while the illness runs its course. This supportive care includes bed rest, drinking extra fluids, gargling with warm salt water, and taking pain relievers. Children under the age of 12 should not be given aspirin as a pain reliever because of the threat of Reye's syndrome. Frozen juice bars and cold fruit drinks can bring some temporary relief of sore throat pain. Drinking warm tea or broth can also be soothing. If the throat culture shows that S. pyogenes is present, penicillin or other antibiotics will be prescribed. An injection of benzathine or procaine penicillin may be most effective in treating the infection, but it is also painful. If an oral antibiotic is prescribed, it must be taken for the full course of treatment, usually 10 to 14 days, even if the symptoms are no longer present. If the child has several episodes of severe tonsillitis, the doctor may recommend a tonsillectomy, which is the surgical removal of the tonsils.

Alternative Treatment

Strengthening the immune system is important whether tonsillitis is caused by bacteria or viruses. Naturopaths often recommend dietary supplements of vitamin C, bioflavonoids, and beta-carotenes, found naturally in fruits and vegetables, to ease inflammation and fight infection. A variety of herbal remedies also may be helpful in treating tonsillitis. Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and cleavers (Galium aparine) target the lymphatic system, while echinacea (Echinacea spp.) and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)stimulate the immune system. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), myrrh (Commiphora molmol), and bitter orange act as antibacterials. Lomatium dissectum and ligusticum porteri have an antiviral action. Some of the homeopathic medicines that may be used to treat symptoms of tonsillitis include:

  • arsenicum
  • belladonna
  • hepar sulphuris
  • lachesis
  • lycopodium
  • mercurius
  • phytolacca
  • rhus toxicodendron

As with any condition, the treatment and dosage should be appropriate for the particular symptoms and age of the patient.

Prognosis

Tonsillitis usually resolves within a few days with rest and supportive care. Treating the symptoms of sore throat and fever will make the child more comfortable. If fever persists for more than 48 hours, however, or is higher than 102°F (38.9°C) the child should be seen by a doctor. If antibiotics are prescribed to treat an infection, they should be taken as directed for the complete course of treatment, even if the child starts to feel better in a few days. Prolonged symptoms may indicate that the child has other upper respiratory infections, most commonly in the ears or sinuses. An abscess behind the tonsil (a peritonsillar abscess) may also occur. In rare cases, a persistent sore throat may point to more serious conditions, such as rheumatic fever or pneumonia.

Prevention

The bacteria and viruses that cause tonsillitis are easily spread from person to person. It is not unusual for an entire family or several students in the same classroom to come down with similar symptoms, especially if S. pyogenes is the cause. The risk of transmission can be lowered by avoiding exposure to anyone who already has tonsillitis or a sore throat. Drinking glasses and eating utensils should not be shared and should be washed in hot, soapy water before reuse. Old toothbrushes should be replaced to prevent reinfection. People who are caring for someone with tonsillitis should wash their hands frequently to prevent spreading the infection to others.

Parental Concerns

Tonsillitis usually has no long term effects if it is detected and treated promptly. If it is not treated it can lead to other medical conditions such as rheumatic fever, kidney inflammation, or abscesses that could block a child's breathing passage.

Resources

Books

Silverstien, Alvin, Virginia Silverstein, and Laura S. Nunn. Sore Throats and Tonsillitis. Danbury, CT: Franklin Watts, 2000.

"Tonsillitis." In Professional Guide to Diseases, 7th ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, 2001.

Periodicals

"Sore Throat." Journal of the American Medical Association 291, no. 13 (April 7, 2004): 1664.

[Article by: Tish Davidson, A.M.]


 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: tonsillitis

Inflammatory infection of the tonsils, usually with hemolytic streptococci (see streptococcus) or viruses. The symptoms are sore throat, trouble in swallowing, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes on the neck. The infection, which usually lasts about five days, is treated with bed rest and antiseptic gargling. Sulfa drugs or other antibiotics are prescribed in severe bacterial infections to prevent complications. Streptococcal infection can spread to nearby structures. Complications may include abscess, nephritis, and rheumatic fever. Tonsils that become chronically inflamed and enlarged require surgical removal (tonsillectomy).

For more information on tonsillitis, visit Britannica.com.

 
Health Dictionary: tonsillitis
(ton-suh-leye-tis)

An inflammation of the tonsils, sometimes the result of a bacterial infection.

 
Veterinary Dictionary: tonsillitis

Inflammation and enlargement of a tonsil, especially the palatine tonsils.

  • follicular t. — tonsillitis especially affecting the crypts.
  • parenchymatous t. — that affecting the whole substance of the tonsil.
  • pustular t. — a variety characterized by formation of pustules.
 
Wikipedia: tonsillitis
Tonsillitis
Classification & external resources
Tonsillitis.jpg
Tonsils showing tonsillitis
ICD-10 J03., J35.0
ICD-9 463
DiseasesDB 13165
eMedicine ent/314 
MeSH D014069

Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils in the mouth and will often, but not necessarily, cause a sore throat and fever. Symptoms may also include pain in the tonsil area and inability to swallow and/or painful swallowing. White spots may also appear on the tonsils. These white spots may be raised and they cannot be scraped off.

Types

There are 3 main types of tonsillitis: acute, subacute and chronic. Acute tonsillitis can either be bacterial or viral in origin. Subacute tonsillitis (which can last between 3 weeks and 3 months) is caused by the bacterium Actinomyces. Chronic tonsillitis, which can last for long periods if not treated, is almost always bacterial.

Causes

Bacterial tonsillitis may be caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria,[1] resulting in strep throat.[2] Viral tonsillitis may be caused by numerous viruses[3] such as the Epstein-Barr virus[4] (the cause of infectious mononucleosis)[5] or the Adenovirus.[6]

Sometimes, tonsillitis is caused by a superinfection of spirochaeta and treponema, in this case called Vincent's angina or Plaut-Vincent angina.[7]

Treatment

Treatments of tonsillitis consist of pain management medications[8] and lozenges.[9] If the tonsillitis is caused by bacteria,[10] then antibiotics are prescribed.[11] Penicillin is the most commonly used antibiotic.[12]

In many cases of tonsillitis, the pain caused by the inflamed tonsils warrants the prescription of topical anesthetics for temporary relief. Viscous lidocaine solutions are often prescribed for this purpose.

Ibuprofen or other analgesic can help to decrease the edema and inflammation which will ease the pain and allow the patient to swallow liquids sooner.[13]

When tonsillitis is caused by a virus, the length of illness depends on which virus is involved. Usually, a complete recovery is made within one week, however some rare infections may last for up to two weeks.

Chronic cases may indicate tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment.[14]

Complications

An abscess may develop lateral to the tonsil during an infection, typically several days after the onset of tonsillitis. This is termed a peritonsillar abscess (or quinsy). Rarely, the infection may spread beyond the tonsil resulting in inflammation and infection of the internal jugular vein giving rise to a spreading septicaemia infection (Lemierre's syndrome).

In chronic/recurrent cases (generally defined as seven episodes of tonsillitis in the preceding year, five episodes in each of the preceding two years or three episodes in each of the preceding three years),[15][16][17] or in acute cases where the palatine tonsils become so swollen that swallowing is impaired, a tonsillectomy can be performed to remove the tonsils. Patients whose tonsils have been removed are certainly still protected from infection by the rest of their immune system.

Bacteria feeding on mucus which accumulates in pits (referred to as 'crypts') in the tonsils, produce whitish-yellow deposits known as a tonsilloliths. These "tonsil stones" emit a very pungent odour due to the presence of volatile sulphur compounds.

Tonsilloliths which occur in the crypts of the tonsils can only be completely cured by tonsillectomy or by resurfacing the tonsil by laser, but practicing good oral hygiene and use of a water pick may help lessen the symptoms.

Hypertrophy of the tonsils can result in snoring, mouth breathing, disturbed sleep, and obstructive sleep apnea, during which the patient stops breathing and experiences a drop in the oxygen content in the bloodstream. A tonsillectomy can be curative.

In very rare cases, diseases like rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis can occur. These complications are extremely rare in developed nations but remain a significant problem in poorer nations.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ Putto, Anne. "Febrile Exudative Tonsillitis: Viral or Streptococcal?" Pediatrics 80 (1987): 6-12 - Putto studied 110 children treated for febrile exudates tonsillitis. The patients had at least one symptom like fever, pharyngeal edema, or sore throat. Two tests were performed. One method involved cotton tipped swabs that were used to collected specimens when swabbed over the patients tonsils. Second method involved the latex slide agglutination that used rayon tipped swabs to collected specimens. The results showed that 13 out of the 41 patients with bacterial tonsillitis were caused by Group A streptococci
  2. ^ Putto, Anne. "Febrile Exudative Tonsillitis: Viral or Streptococcal?" Pediatrics 80 (1987): 6-12 - Putto studied 110 children treated for febrile exudates tonsillitis. The patients had to a symptom of fever, pharyngeal edema, or sore throat. Two tests were performed. One method involved cotton tipped swabs that were used to collected specimens when swabbed over the patients tonsils. Second method involved the latex slide agglutination that used rayon tipped swabs to collected specimens. The results had 92 patients that had traced of streptococci in their throat
  3. ^ Putto, Anne. "Febrile Exudative Tonsillitis: Viral or Streptococcal?" Pediatrics 80 (1987): 6-12 - Putto studied 110 children treated for febrile exudates tonsillitis. The patients had to a symptom of fever, pharyngeal edema, or sore throat. Two tests were performed. One method involved cotton tipped swabs that were used to collected specimens when swabbed over the patients tonsils. Second method involved the latex slide agglutination that used rayon tipped swabs to collected specimens. The results had 46 of the 110 patients that had viruses like the Adenovirus that caused 21 of the 46 to get tonsillitis. Epstein-Barr virus caused 10 out of the 46 patient to get tonsillitis and Herpes Simplex virus caused 2 out of the 46
  4. ^ Putto, Anne. "Febrile Exudative Tonsillitis: Viral or Streptococcal?" Pediatrics 80 (1987): 6-12 - Putto studied 110 children treated for febrile exudates tonsillitis. The patients had to a symptom of fever, pharyngeal edema, or sore throat. Two tests were performed. One method involved cotton tipped swabs that were used to collected specimens when swabbed over the patients tonsils. Second method involved the latex slide agglutination that used rayon tipped swabs to collected specimens. The results had 46 of the 110 patients that had viruses like the Adenovirus that caused 21 of the 46 to get tonsillitis. Epstein-Barr virus caused 10 out of the 46 patient to get tonsillitis and Herpes Simplex virus caused 2 out of the 46
  5. ^ Renn, Claudia N. and et al. "Amoxicillin-induced exanthema in young adults with infectious mononucleosis: demonstration of drug-specific lymphocyte reactivity." British Journal of Dermatology 147 (2002): 1166-1170 -Renn studied 4 patients who where treated amoxicillin for throat infection and lymphadenopathy. Infectious mononucleosis was present in the patient’s blood due to trace of Epstein-Barr antibodies. The three tests performed where the patched test, intracutaneous test, and lymphocyte transformation test. The results of the patched test that pointed to amoxicillin as the caused of their rash were 1 out of 4 patients. The intracutaneous showed 2 out of 4 patients with positive results that pointed to amoxicillin. The LTT results showed 3 out of 4 that pointed to amoxicillin
  6. ^ Putto, Anne. "Febrile Exudative Tonsillitis: Viral or Streptococcal?." Pediatrics 80 (1987): 6-12 - Putto studied 110 children treated for febrile exudates tonsillitis. The patients had to a symptom of fever, pharyngeal edema, or sore throat. Two tests were performed. One method involved cotton tipped swabs that were used to collected specimens when swabbed over the patients tonsils. Second method involved the latex slide agglutination that used rayon tipped swabs to collected specimens. The results had 46 of the 110 patients that had viruses like the Adenovirus that caused 21 of the 46 to get tonsillitis. Epstein-Barr virus caused 10 out of the 46 patient to get tonsillitis and Herpes Simplex virus caused 2 out of the 46
  7. ^ Van Cauwenberge P (1976). "[Significance of the fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina)]". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 30 (3): 334-45. PMID 1015288.  - fusospirillum complex (Plaut-Vincent angina) Van Cauwenberge studied the tonsils of 126 patients using direct microscope observation. The results showed that 40% of acute tonsillitis was caused by Vincent’s agina and 27% of chronic tonsillitis was caused by Spirochaeta
  8. ^ Boureau, F. and et al. "Evaluation of Ibuprofen vs Paracetamol Analgesic Activity Using a Sore Throat Pain Model." Clinical Drug Investigation 17 (1999): 1-8. - Boureau studied 113 patients who saw 19 physicians in France. Patients were give Ibuprofen 400mg or Paracetamol 1000mg randomly. Pain intensity, difficulty swallowing, and global pain relief were use to measure in hourly increments until 6 hours after patients first dose. The results showed that Ibuprofen better than Paracetamol in all three categories
  9. ^ Praskash, T. and et al. "Koflet lozenges in the Treatment of Sore Throat." The Antiseptic 98 (2001): 124-127 - The efficacy of Koflet Lozenges was evaluated by symptomatic relief of pain. The 48 patients were examined by the Physicians and given a scale rating from 0-3. 0 stating no signs and symptoms and 3 being the worse. The results showed patients with pharyngitis 95% of the patient with positive feedbacks. Tonsillitis patients and patients with both symptoms gave 100% positive feedbacks
  10. ^ Touw-Otten, Fransje WMM. and Kristen Staehr Johansen. "Diagnosis, Antibiotic Treatment and Outcome of Acute Tonsillitis: Report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe Study in 17 European Countries." Family Practice 9 (1992): 255-262 - 17 European Countries had a minimum of 10 physicians each that participated in a studied that involved 4094 patients that they had seen from Nov 1989 to May 1990. Sore throat, redness and swelling of tonsils, pus on tonsils, enlarge regional lymph nodes, or fever. Bacterial and serology test were performed to determined antibiotics usage. Antibiotics results had 2334 out of 3646 patient using penicillin. 343 out of the 3646 used amoxicillin and 554 out of 3646 used macrolides
  11. ^ Touw-Otten, Fransje WMM. and Kristen Staehr Johansen. "Diagnosis, Antibiotic Treatment and Outcome of Acute Tonsillitis: Report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe Study in 17 European Countries." Family Practice 9 (1992): 255-262 - 17 European Countries had a minimum of 10 physicians each that participated in a studied that involved 4094 patients that they had seen from Nov 1989 to May 1990. Sore throat, redness and swelling of tonsils, pus on tonsils, enlarge regional lymph nodes, or fever. Bacterial and serology test were performed to determined antibiotics usage. Antibiotics results had 2334 out of 3646 patient using penicillin. 343 out of the 3646 used amoxicillin and 554 out of 3646 used macrolides
  12. ^ Touw-Otten, Fransje WMM. and Kristen Staehr Johansen. "Diagnosis, Antibiotic Treatment and Outcome of Acute Tonsillitis: Report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe Study in 17 European Countries." Family Practice 9 (1992): 255-262 - 17 European Countries had a minimum of 10 physicians each that participated in a studied that involved 4094 patients that they had seen from Nov 1989 to May 1990. Sore throat, redness and swelling of tonsils, pus on tonsils, enlarge regional lymph nodes, or fever. Bacterial and serology test were performed to determined antibiotics usage. Antibiotics results had 2334 out of 3646 patient using penicillin. 343 out of the 3646 used amoxicillin and 554 out of 3646 used macrolides
  13. ^ Boureau, F. and et al. "Evaluation of Ibuprofen vs Paracetamol Analgesic Activity Using a Sore Throat Pain Model." Clinical Drug Investigation 17 (1999): 1-8- Boureau studied 113 patients who saw 19 physicians in France. Patients were give Ibuprofen 400mg or Paracetamol 1000mg randomly. Pain intensity, difficulty swallowing, and global pain relief were use to measure in hourly increments until 6 hours after patients first dose. The results showed that Ibuprofen better than Paracetamol in all three categories
  14. ^ Paradise, JL. and et al. "Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and non randomized clinical trials." The New England Journal of Medicine 310 (1984): 674-83 - Paradise studied 187 children with tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. 91 children were randomly put in surgical and non-surgical groups. The other 96 were place by parent’s choice. The results favored the surgical group on reoccurrence of throat infections during their initial and second year follow-up where the data was collected. While non-surgical groups did better in the long run. 13 out of the 95 surgical group encountered surgical complications after their second year follow up
  15. ^ (January 1999) "6.3 Referral Criteria for Tonsillectomy", Management of Sore Throat and Indications for Tonsillectomy. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. ISBN 1-899893-66-0.  - notes though that these criteria "have been arrived at arbitrarily" from:
    Paradise J, Bluestone C, Bachman R, Colborn D, Bernard B, Taylor F, Rogers K, Schwarzbach R, Stool S, Friday G (1984). "Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials.". N Engl J Med 310 (11): 674-83. PMID 6700642. 
  16. ^ Paradise J, Bluestone C, Colborn D, Bernard B, Rockette H, Kurschildren. (2002). "{{{title}}}". Pediatrics 110 (1 Pt 1): 7-15. PMID 12093941.  - this later study by the same team looked at less severely affected children and concluded "modest benefit conferred by tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy in children moderately affected with recurrent throat infection seems not to justify the inherent risks, morbidity, and cost of the operations"
  17. ^ Wolfensberger M, Mund M (2004). "[Evidence based indications for tonsillectomy]". Ther Umsch 61 (5): 325-8. PMID 15195718.  - review of literature of the past 25 years concludes "No consensus has yet been reached, however, about the number of annual episodes that justify tonsillectomy"

External links

Pathology of respiratory system (J, 460-519)
Acute upper respiratory infections Upper respiratory tract infection · Common cold · Rhinitis · Sinusitis · Pharyngitis (Strep throat)  · Tonsillitis · Laryngitis · Tracheitis · Croup · Epiglottitis
Influenza and Pneumonia Influenza · Pneumonia (Viral, Bacterial, Bronchopneumonia) · Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Other acute lower respiratory infections Bronchitis (Acute, Chronic)  · Bronchiolitis
Other diseases of upper respiratory tract Vasomotor rhinitis · Hay fever · Atrophic rhinitis · Nasal polyp · Deviated septum · Adenoid hypertrophy · Peritonsillar abscess · Vocal fold nodule · Laryngospasm
Chronic lower respiratory diseases Emphysema · COPD · Asthma · Status asthmaticus · Bronchiectasis
Lung diseases due to external agents Pneumoconiosis (Coalworker's pneumoconiosis, Asbestosis, Silicosis, Bauxite fibrosis, Berylliosis, Siderosis) · Byssinosis · Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (Farmer's lung, Bird fancier's lung)
Other, principally affecting
the interstitium		 Acute respiratory distress syndrome · Pulmonary edema · Hamman-Rich syndrome · Interstitial lung disease
Suppurative and necrotic conditions
of lower respiratory tract		 Lung abscess · Pleural effusion · Empyema
Other Pneumothorax · Hemothorax · Hemopneumothorax · Mendelson's syndrome · Respiratory failure · Atelectasis · Mediastinal emphysema  · Mediastinitis
see also congenital (Q30-Q34, 748)

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Translations: Translations for: Tonsillitis

Dansk (Danish)
n. - betændelse i mandlerne

Nederlands (Dutch)
angina

Français (French)
n. - amygdalite

Deutsch (German)
n. - Mandelentzündung, Angina

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (παθολ.) αμυγδαλίτιδα

Italiano (Italian)
tonsillite

Português (Portuguese)
n. - amigdalite (f), tonsilite (f)

Русский (Russian)
тозиллит, воспаление миндалевидной железы

Español (Spanish)
n. - amigdalitis, inflamación de las amígdalas

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - halsfluss

中文（简体） (Chinese (Simplified))
扁桃腺炎

中文（繁體） (Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 扁桃腺炎

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 편도선염

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 扁桃炎, 扁桃腺炎

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ألتهاب أللوزتين‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮דלקת-שקדים‬

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Health Dictionary. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Edited by E.D. Hirsch, Jr., Joseph F. Kett, and James Trefil. Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.  Read more
Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tonsillitis".  Read more
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