toponymy

Toponymy is the scientific study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. The first part of the word is derived from the Greek tópos (τόπος), place; followed by ónoma (ὄνομα), meaning name. It is itself a branch of onomastics, the study of names of all kinds. To understand the value of toponyms, visualize each toponym (or geographical name) as the title of a story revealing some aspect of a region's cultural or natural heritage.

Toponyms are not just words on maps and signs, but vital communication tools that reflect patterns of settlement, exploration, migration, and heritage. A toponym is a named point of reference in both the physical and cultural landscape on the Earth's surface. This includes natural features, such as streams (whose names are studied as hydronyms) and artificial ones (such as cities). Natural features are no more geographical than man-made features or administrative units, because all such features have names that are in essence artificially applied. Toponyms are typically conservative and give insight into the buried human history of a region. For example Moses I. Finley observed, "it is significant that the bulk of the towns and districts in Greece in historical times retained their pre-Greek names."^[1] When the toponyms are studied together with archaeological remains, scholars conclude that speakers of proto-Greek infiltrated the region by degrees, rather than in a massive invasion, and that they found already in place a comparatively highly developed culture.

In ethnology, a toponym is a name derived from a place or a region. In anatomy, a toponym is a name of a region of the body, as distinguished from the name of an organ. In biology, a toponym is a binomial name of a plant.

Toponymists

A toponymist is one who studies toponymy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "toponymy" first appeared in English in 1876; since then, toponym has come to replace "place-name" in professional discourse among toponymists. It can be argued that the first toponymists were the storytellers and poets who explained the origin of certain place names as part of their tales; sometimes place-names served as the basis for the etiological legends. The process of folk etymology usually took over, whereby a false meaning was extracted from a name based on its structure or sounds. Thus, the toponym of Hellespont was explained by Greek poets as being named after Helle, daughter of Athamas, who drowned here as she crossed it with her brother Phrixus on a flying golden ram. The name, however, most likely is derived from an older language, such as Pelasgian, which was unknown to those who explained its origin. George R. Stewart theorized, in his book Names on the Globe, that Hellespont originally meant something like "narrow Pontus" or "entrance to Pontus," "Pontus" being an ancient name for the region around the Black Sea, and by extension, for the sea itself.^[2]

Place names provide the most useful geographical reference system in the world. Consistency and accuracy are essential in referring to a place to prevent confusion in everyday business and recreation. A toponymist, through well-established local principles and procedures developed in cooperation and consultation with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), applies the science of toponymy to establish officially recognized geographical names. A toponymist relies not only on maps and local histories, but interviews with local residents to determine names with established local usage. The exact application of a toponym, its specific language, its pronunciation, and its origins and meaning are all important facts to be recorded during name surveys.

Scholars have found that toponyms provide valuable insight into the historical geography of a particular region. In 1954 F. M. Powicke said of place-name study that it "uses, enriches and tests the discoveries of archaeology and history and the rules of the philologists."^[3] Toponyms not only illustrate ethnic settlement patterns, but they can also help identify discrete periods of immigration.^[4][5]

Toponymists are responsible for the active preservation of their regions culture through its toponymy. They typically ensure the on-going development of a geographical names data base and associated publications, for recording and disseminating authoritative hard-copy and digital toponymic data. This data may be disseminated in a wide variety of formats, including digital (Geographical Information Systems & Google Map formats) and hard-copy topographic maps.

Noted toponymists

• Andrew Breeze
• Richard Coates
• John McNeil Dodgson
• Eilert Ekwall
• Margaret Gelling
• Gillian Fellows Jensen
• Oliver Padel
• Robert L. Ramsay
• Henry Schoolcraft
• Albert Hugh Smith
• George R. Stewart
• Isaac Taylor
• William J. Watson
• Craig Weatherhill

See also

Related concepts

• Demonymy
• Ethnonymy
• Etymology
• Onomastics

Toponymy

NB for 'etymology' in below links, read 'toponymy'

• Place name origins
• Planetary Nomenclature
• List of continent name etymologies
• List of country name etymologies
• List of etymologies of country subdivision names
• Hydronymy
  • Latin names of European rivers
  • Latin names of rivers
  • List of river name etymologies
  • Old European hydronymy

Regional toponymy

• Biblical toponyms in the United States
• British toponymy
  • Etymological list of counties of the United Kingdom
  • List of British places with Latin names
  • List of generic forms in British place names
  • List of places in the United Kingdom
  • List of Roman place names in Britain
  • Welsh place names
• Place names in Irish
• Celtic toponymy
• Historical African place names
• Japanese place names
• Korean toponymy and list of place names
• List of English exonyms for German toponyms
• German placename etymology
• List of Latin place names in Europe
• List of U.S. place names connected to Sweden
• List of U.S. state name etymologies
• List of U.S. state nicknames
• Maghreb toponymy
• Names of European cities in different languages
• New Zealand place names
• Place names in Sri Lanka
• Roman place names
• Toponyms of Finland

Other

• List of adjectival forms of place names
• List of double placenames
• List of long place names
• List of names in English with counterintuitive pronunciations
• List of places named after peace
• List of places named after Lenin
• List of places named after Stalin
• List of places named for their units of production
• List of political entities named after people
• List of renamed places in the United States
• List of short place names
• List of tautological place names
• List of words derived from toponyms

Notes

External links

• Who Was Who in North American Name Study
• Forgotten Toponymy Board (under construction)
• Placename indexes
• The origins of British place names
• An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall
• Planetary Maps: Visualization and Nomenclature Cartographica 41/2 2006
• Development of a Local Toponym System at the Mars Desert Research Station Cartographica 42/2 2007
• Celtic toponymy
• MyDanishRoots.com. "Place Name Etymology: Common Elements in Danish Place Names". by Anders Buch-Jepsen. http://mydanishroots.com/placenames/meaning_of_common_elements.html. 
• O'Brien, Francis J. Jr. (Moondancer) “Indian Place Names—Aquidneck Indian Council”