Original Answer: A burst of compressed air forces the torpedo
out of the tube. Then the torpedo's motor starts up and drives it
in search of the enemy. Improved Answer: While the above isn't
wrong it's not accurate either. Air is used in most delivery
systems, but just releasing compressed air behind the torpedo
inside the tube is inefficient and very noisy. Most submarines
utilize a system of two cylinders connected by a common tail rod.
Air is released into one cylinder sending the plunger and adjoining
rod rapidly to the other end of the cylinder. This force is
transferred through the common tail rod to the water cylinder which
in preparing the weapon battery is opened to sea on one side and to
the rear of the torpedo tube on the other. When the water
cylinder's plunger moves with the air cylinder it forces water into
the tube ejecting the torpedo. This is a more efficient use of
energy and can be done very covertly by experienced crews who take
good care of their submarine. Since a submarine's key defensive is
its stealth, this is a critical aspect of submarine warfare.