Totenkopf

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The Totenkopf

Totenkopf or Totenschädel (plural: Totenköpfe or Totenschädel) is the German word for "death (toten) head (kopf)" or "death skull (schädel)" ^[1] and is used to describe a military insigne featuring a skull suprapositioned upon crossed long bones. It is distinguished from the similar traditions of the skull and crossbones and the Jolly Roger by the positioning of the bones directly behind the skull. For a long time in use in several countries, its association with aspects of Nazi Germany has perhaps accelerated its decline as societies remove the most morbid symbols from their military uniforms.

History

Hussar from Husaren-Regiment Nr.5 (von Ruesch) in 1744 with the Totenkopf on the mirliton (Ger: Flügelmütze) .

Origins

Use of the symbol as a military insignia began with the cavalry of the Prussian army under Frederick the Great. Frederick formed Husaren-Regiment Nr. 5 (von Ruesch), a Hussar regiment commanded by Colonel von Ruesch. These Hussars adopted a black uniform with a Totenkopf emblazoned on the front of their Mirlitons and wore it on the field in the War of Austrian Succession and in the Seven Years' War.

In 1808, when the regiment was reformed into Leib-Husaren Regiments Nr.1 and Nr.2, the Totenkopf remained a part of the uniform. During the Napoleonic Wars, when Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, was killed in battle, his troops changed the colour of their uniforms to black, with a Totenkopf on their Shakos in mourning their dead leader (Other sources claim that the "Black Brunswickers" were so equipped while Friedrich Wilhelm of Brunswick lived, as a sign of revenge on the French.^[2]

August von Mackensen, German field marshal.

20th century

In Germany

The "death's head" continued to be used throughout the Prussian and Brunswick Armed forces until 1918, and some of the stormtroopers that led the last German offensives on the Western Front in 1918 used Death's Head badges.^[3]

The Totenkopf was used in Germany throughout the inter-war period, most prominently by the Freikorps. In 1933, it was in use by the regimental staff and the 1st, 5th, and 11th squadrons of the Reichswehr's 5th Cavalry Regiment as a continuation of a tradition from the Kaiserreich.

The Totenkopf was also used as the unit insignia of the Panzer forces of the German Heer (Army) during the Third Reich era, and also by the Panzer units of the Luftwaffe, including those of the elite Fallschirm-Panzerdivision HG^[4].

The World War II era Luftwaffe's 54th Bomber Wing Kampfgeschwader 54 was given the unit name "Totenkopf" and used virtually the same graphic skull-crossbones insignia as the SS units of the same name^{[citation needed]}.

SS usage

In the early days of the NSDAP, Julius Schreck, the leader of the Stabswache (Adolf Hitler's bodyguard unit), adopted the Totenkopf to his unit. This later grew into the Schutzstaffel (SS), which continued to use the Totenkopf as insignia throughout its history. As they had done with the Swastika, and the "Stechschritt" (Goose-Step March): the Nazis adopted the Totenkopf from the historical tradition and used it for their own purposes, leaving it marked with a stigma that has continued to the present day.

It is important to note that the SS "Death's Head" symbol has some differences to the original German (Prussian) Totenkopf, the original being much more archaic in appearance (see images above), with the SS version appearing more realistic. Moreover, the Prussian Totenkopf could face left or right in half-profile, but usually it was shown en face. The SS Totenkopf, on the other hand, was always facing left in half-profile.

Outside Germany

A French Hussard de la mort (1792)

The "death's head" was the sign of Polish Death Hussar Divisions from 1920 (Polish–Soviet War)

Peacekeeper missile uniform showing a modified Totenkopf circa 1995-2005

• The British Army's Queen's Royal Lancers continue to use the skull and crossbones in their emblem, inherited from its use by the 17th Lancers - a unit raised in 1759 following General Wolfe's death in Quebec, with an emblem of a death's head and the words 'Or Glory' chosen in commemoration of him.^[5]
• In 1792, a regiment of Hussards de la mort (Death Hussars) was raised to defend the young French Republic from the Austrian attempt to invade France^[6].
• South Korea's 3rd Infantry Division (백골부대) also uses the skull and crossbones in their emblem.
• The primarily Prussian 41st Regiment New York Volunteer Infantry, Mustered in: June 6, 1861-Mustered out: December 9, 1865 wore a death's head insignia.New York Military State Military Museum
• The Portuguese Military Police, the lancers, of the Regimento de Lanceiros 2 use the totenkopf in their emblem, similar to the one used by the Queen's Royal Lancers.
• The Kingdom of Sweden's Hussar Regiments wore it in the Prussian Style on the front of the Mirleton.
• The White Russian Kornilov regiment adopted it in 1917.
• The Estonian Kuperjanov's Partisan Battalion used the skull and crossbones as their insignia; the Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion continues to use the skull and crossbones as their insignia today.
• During 1943-1945 the Italian Black Brigades and numerous other forces fighting for the Italian Social Republic, wore various versions of skulls on their uniforms, berets and caps.
• Although not exactly a Totenkopf per se, the Chilean guerrilla leader Manuel Rodriguez used the symbol on his elite forces called "Husares de la muerte" ("Hussars of death").
• United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions use the skull and crossbones symbol in their emblem.

In popular culture

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• Laibach, during their 2003/2004 WAT tour, used the SS Totenkopf with a bullet hole in the forehead. The defaced symbol is also on the cover of the CD single Tanz Mit Laibach.^[7]
• Dr. Totenkopf is the name of the supervillain from the science fiction film Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004), and was played by Sir Laurence Olivier posthumously, using archived footage and computer graphics.
• In the award winning game Empire Total War, the Death's Head Hussars appears as a special forces unit
• It is mocked in a sketch on British comedy show That Mitchell And Webb Look when an SS officer considers how the Allies have 'nicer' emblems and finally asks a colleague: "Hans...are we the baddies?"
• In the movie The Road Warrior (Mad Max 2), Totenkopf emblems appear on various vehicles, as well as inside The Humungus's pistol case.
• The Oakland Raiders football team uses a modified version of the totenkopf as their logo. The skull is replaced by a head wearing an old football helmet and the bones are replaced by crossed swords.

See also

• skull and crossbones
• Jolly Roger
• Fascist symbolism
• 3rd SS Division Totenkopf
• SS-Totenkopfverbände
• Skull and Bones
• Frank Castle, also known as the Punisher, a marvel anti-hero wears the Totenkopf on his shirt

References