Trans-Siberian Railroad

It has been suggested that Far Eastern Railway be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

Trans-Siberian Railway
Bridge over Kama River, near Perm in 1912
Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green
Line length:	9,259 km (5,753 mi)
Gauge:	Broad 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+5⁄6 in)
Legend km Station 0 Yaroslavsky Terminal, Moscow  59 Khotkovo 73 Sergiyev Posad Moscow - Vladimir Oblast border 112 Alexandrov Balakirevo Vladimir - Yaroslavl Oblast border 145 Berendeevo Ryazantsevo Silnitsi 200 Petrovskoye 224 Rostov Yaroslavski Semibratovo Kozmodemyansk 284 Yaroslavl 289 Volga River  356 Danilov to Vologda and Arkhangelsk Sot 394 Lyubim Seksha Yaroslavl - Kostroma Oblast border Brodni Korega 450 Bui Rossolovo Khramki 501 Galich Krasilnikovo Loparevo Monakovo Antrolovo Nikkolo-Ugol Nikolo-Poloma Nomzha Yelenskiy Neva Nelsha Brantovka Petrushino Kostrikha 651 Manturovo Vocherovo Shekshema Varakinskiy Vetluga River 698 Sharya Zeblyaki Yakshanga Burunduchikha Kostroma - Kirov Oblast border Suprotivniy Metil Gostovskaya Shabalino 818 Svetcha Yuma Kapidantsi Atsvezh Darovitsa to Nizhni Novgorod & Moscow 870 Kotelnich Vyatka River Bistryagi Orichi Strizhi Lyangasovo Chukhlominskiy 957 Kirov  975 Pozdino Poloy 995 Bum-Kombinat Prosnitsa Ardashi Rekmino 1052 Zuevka Kosa Falenki 1127 Yar Kirov Oblast - Udmurtia border Kozmil 1165 Glazov 1194 Balyezino Pibanshur 1221 Cheptsa River 1223 Chepsta Kez Kabalud Kuzma Udmurtia - Perm Krai border Borodulino Subbotniki 1310 Vereshchagino Zyukay 1340 Mendeleevo Grigorevskaya 1387 Chaikovskaya Shabunichi 1410 Overyata Kurya 1432 Kama River 1436 Perm  1452 Ferma Mulyanka Yug Yergach 1534 Kungur Kishert Shumkovo Tulumbasi Kordon Perm Krai - Sverdlovsk Oblast border Shamary 1672 Shalya Sarga Sabik 1729 Kuzino 1748 Krylosovo 1770 Pervouralsk 1777 Europe - Asia border Iset River 1816 Yekaterinburg  Shartash Putevka Kosolino Gagarskiy Bazhenovo Gryaznovskaya 1912 Bogdannovich Pishminskaya Yelanskiy 1955 Kamyshlov Aksarikha Oshchepkovo Proselok 2033 Talitsa 2064 Yushala Bahkmetskoye Tugulym Karmak Sverdlovsk - Tyumen Oblast border 2144 Tyumen  Voynovka Ozero Andreyevskoya Vinzili Bogdaninskaya 2222 Yalutorovsk Tobol River Zavodoukovsk Novaya Zaimka Vagay Omutinskaya Lamyenskaya Golishmanovo Karasulskaya 2431 Ishim Ishim River Maslyanskaya Novo Andreyevskiy Tyumen - Omsk Oblast border Mangut 2565 Nazyvayevsk Dragunskaya Lyubinskaya 2706 Irtysh River 2712 Omsk  Kormilovka 2760 Kalachinsk Ivanovka Omsk - Novosibirsk Oblast border Karatkansk 2885 Tatarsk Kabakly Chany Ozero Karachinskoye Koshkul Tebisskaya 3040 Barabinsk Kozhurla Ubinskaya Kargat Kokoshino 3212 Chulym Duplenskaya Lesnaya Polyana Chik 3322 Ob 3332 Ob River 3335 Novosibirsk  Mochische Oyash Chebula 3463 Bolotnaya Novosibirsk - Kemerovo Oblast border 3491 Yurga Tom River Talmenka Yashkino Kholkino Branch line to Tomsk 3570 Tayga Likhtach 3602 Anzhero-Sudzhensk Yaya Izhmorsk Berikulsk Antibesskiy 3715 Mariinsk Suslovo Tyazhin Itat Kemerovo Oblast - Krasnoyarsk Krai border 3849 Bogotol Kritovo Chulym River 3917 Achinsk 3960 Chernorechsk Kozulka Zeledeyevo Kacha Minino 4098 Krasnoyarsk 4101 Yenisei River  Zlobino Zikovo Sorokino Kamarchaga Balay 4227 Uyar 4262 Zaozyornaya Kamala Solyanka Boshnyakovo 4343 Kansk-Yeniseiski]] 4375 Ilanskaya Ingashiskaya Tinskaya Reshoti Klyuchi Krasnoyarsk Krai - Irkutsk Oblast border Yurti Biryusinsk 4516 Taishet 4520 Baikal Amur Mainline junction  4555 Razgon Alzamay 4631 Kamyshet Uk 4680 Nizhneudinsk Khingoy Khudoyelanskaya Sheberta Utay 4794 Tulun Shuba Tulyushka 4875 Kuytun Kharik Kimeltey 4940 Zima Tiret Zalari Irkutsk Oblast - Ust-Ordynsky border Golovinskaya 5027 Kutulik Zabituy Ust-Ordynsky - Irkutsk Oblast border 5061 Cheremkhovo 5087 Polovina Belaya 5124 Usolye-Sibirskoye 5133 Telma Kitoy 5160 Angarsk 5170 Meget 5178 Irkutsk-Sort 5185 Irkutsk  Kaya Goncharovo B. Lug Podkamennaya Kultuk 5312 Slyudyanka Utulik 5358 Baykalsk Murino Irkutsk Oblast - Buryatia border 5390 Vydrino 5426 Tankhoi Pereyemnaya 5477 Mysovaya 5530 Posolskaya Timlyuy 5562 Selenginsk Talovka Tataurovo Selenge River 5642 Ulan Ude 5655 Trans-Mongolian line junction  Talitsi 5675 Onokhoy Zaigraevo Chelutay Ilka 5734 Novoilinski Kizma Buryatia - Zabaykalsky Krai border 5784 Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky Balyaga Tarbagatai Novo-Pavlovka Tolbaga Khokhotay 5884 Bada Zhipkhegen 5932 Khilok Khushenga Kharagun 6053 Mogzon Khilok River 6093 Sokhondo 6125 Yablonovaya Lesnoy Ingoda Chernovskaya Kadala 6199 Chita  Peschanka Atamanovka Novaya Makkaveyevo 6265 Darasun 6293 Karaymskaya 6312 Trans-Manchurian line junction  Urulga Zubarevo Razmakhnino Solntsevaya 6417 Onon 6446 Shilka-Pass. Kholbon 6496 Priiskavaya Nerchinsk 6532 Kuenga Branch line to Sretensk 6593 Chernyshevsky-Zabaikalski 6629 Bushuley Khoktonga 6670 Zilovo Ulyakan Uryum Sbega 6789 Ksenevskaya Kislyy Klug Arteushka Razdolnoye 6906 Mogocha Taptugari Semiozernyy 7010 Amazar Zhanna 7075 Zabaykalsky Krai - Amur Oblast border 7119 Yerofei Pavlovich 7211 Urusha 7266 Takhtamigda 7273 line to BAM  7306 Skovorodino 7323 Bolshoy Never Taladan Gonzha 7501 Magdagachi Sulus Tigda 7602 Ushumun Sivaki Mukhinskaya Bereya 7723 Shimanovskaya 7772 Ledyanaya Buzuli 7815 Svobodny Zeya River M. Chesnokovskaya Serishevo 7873 Belogorsk 7875 line to Blagoveshchensk  Vozhayevka Pozdeyevka Yekaterinoslavka 7992 Zavitaya 8037 Bureya Domikan 8088 Arkhara Rachi Kundur-Khabarovskiy Amur - Jewish Autonomous Oblasts border 8198 Obluchye Kimkan 8234 Izvestkovaya Birakan Teploye Ozero Londoko 8306 Bira 8351 Birobidzhan  In 8480 Volochayevka Dezhnevka Nikolayevka 8512 Priamurskaya 8515 Amur J.A. Oblast - Khabarovsk Krai border 8521 Khabarovsk  Korfovskaya 8598 Verino 8621 Khor Dormidontovka 8642 Vyazemskaya Rozengartovka 8756 Bikin Khabarovsk - Primorsky Krai border Zvenevoi Burlit-Volochayevskiy Luchegorsk Guberovo 8890 Dalnerechensk 8900 Lazo Ruzhino Lesozavodsk Shmkaovka Sviyagino 9050 Spassk-Dalny Muchnaya 9109 Sibirtsevo Ipplolitovka Ozernaya Pad Dubininskiy 9177 Ussuriysk Varanovskiy Nadezdinskaya line to Nakhodka 9255 Uglovaya 9289 Vladivostok

The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль, Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral', Transsib) is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan. Today, the railway is part of the Eurasian Land Bridge.

History

Route development

The plans and funding for construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway to connect the capital, Moscow, with the Pacific Ocean port of Vladivostok were approved by Tsar Alexander II in St. Petersburg. His son, Tsar Alexander III supervised the construction; the Tsar appointed Sergei Witte Director of Railway Affairs in 1889. The Imperial State Budget spent 1.455 billion rubles from 1891 to 1913 on the railway's construction, an expenditure record which was surpassed only by the military budget in World War I.

In March 1891, the future Tsar Nicholas II personally opened and blessed the construction of the Far East segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway during his stop at Vladivostok, after visiting Japan at the end of his journey around the world. Nicholas II made notes in his diary about his anticipation of travelling in the comfort of The Tsar's Train across the unspoiled wilderness of Siberia. The Tsar's Train was designed and built in St. Petersburg to serve as the main mobile office of the Tsar and his staff for travelling across Russia.

The main route of the Trans-Siberian originates in St. Petersburg at Moskovsky Vokzal, runs through Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia and was built from 1891 to 1916 under the supervision of government ministers of Russia who were personally appointed by the Tsar Alexander III and by his son, Tsar Nicholas II. The additional Chinese Eastern Railway was constructed as the Russo-Chinese part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, connecting Russia with China and providing a shorter route to Vladivostok and it was operated by a Russian staff and administration based in Harbin.

The Trans-Siberian Railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian train that connects hundreds of large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At 9,259 kilometres (5,753 miles),^[1] spanning a record 7 time zones and taking eight days to complete the journey, it is the third-longest single continuous service in the world, after the Moscow–Pyongyang (10,267 km, 6,380 mi)^[2] and the Kiev–Vladivostok (11,085 km, 6,888 mi)^[3] services, both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes. The route was opened by Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovitch of Russia after his eastern journey ended.

A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km east of Karymskaya, in Zabaykalsky Krai), about 1,000 km east of Lake Baikal. From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin and Mudanjiang in China's Northeastern Provinces (from where a connection to Beijing is used by one of Moscow–Beijing trains), joining with the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok. This is the shortest and the oldest railway route to Vladivostok. Some trains split at Shenyang, China, with a portion of the service continuing to Pyongyang, North Korea.

The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan Ude on Lake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaan-Baatar before making its way southeast to Beijing.

In 1991, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk), and reaches the Pacific at Sovetskaya Gavan.

War and revolution

After the revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the Allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War. These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak, based in Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural Front. The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita.^[4]

The Trans-Siberian also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I.^[5] As one of the few organised fighting forces left in the aftermath of the Imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia through Vancouver in Canada, through Canada to Europe, or the Panama Canal to Europe also through Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Port Said and Triest.

Demand and design

In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region as well as between Siberia and the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route, good roads suitable for wheeled transport were few and far between. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transportation; during the cold half of the year, cargo and passengers travelled by horse-drawn sleds over the winter roads, many of which were the same rivers, now ice-covered.

The first steamboat on the River Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844; but the early starts were difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing on the Ob system in a serious way. Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863, on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s.

While the comparably flat Western Siberia was at least fairly well served by the gigantic Ob–Irtysh–Tobol–Chulym river system, the mighty rivers of Eastern Siberia — the Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River (the Angara below Bratsk was not easily navigable because of the rapids), and the Lena — were mostly navigable only in the north-south direction. An attempt to partially remedy the situation by building the Ob-Yenisei Canal was not particularly successful. Only a railway could be a real solution to the region's transportation problems.

The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in 1851.^[6] One of the first was the Irkutsk–Chita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur river, and consequently, to the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, was anxious to advance the colonisation of the Russian Far East, but his plans could not materialize as long as the colonists had to import grain and other food from China and Korea.^[7] It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railroad in the Khabarovsk region were conducted.

Before 1880, the central government had virtually ignored these projects, because of the weakness of Siberian enterprises, a clumsy bureaucracy, and fear of financial risk. Financial minister Count Egor Kankrin wrote:

The idea of covering Russia with a railroad network not just exceeds any possibility, but even building the railway from Petersburg to Kazan must be found untimely by several centuries.^[8]

By 1880, there were a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways to connect Siberia with the Pacific but not eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with central Russia a pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the route actually constructed, alternative projects were proposed:

• Southern route: via Kazakhstan, Barnaul, Abakan and Mongolia.
• Northern route: via Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk and the modern Baikal Amur Mainline or even through Yakutsk.

Railwaymen fought against suggestions to save funds, for example, by installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased. The designers insisted and secured the decision to construct an uninterrupted railway.

Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities demanding transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such a priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. Tomsk was the largest city, and the most unfortunate, because the swampy banks of the Ob River near it were considered inappropriate for a bridge. The railway was laid 70 km to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novosibirsk), just a blind branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit rail traffic and trade.

The railway was instantly filled to its capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. Together with low speed and low possible weights of trains, it upset the promised role as a transit route between Europe and East Asia. During the Russian-Japanese war, the military traffic to the East almost disrupted the flow of civil freight.

Construction

Train entering a Circum-Baikal tunnel west of Kultuk

Vladivostok terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway

Full-time construction on the Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891 and was put into execution and overseen by Sergei Witte, who was then Finance Minister.

Similar to the First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA, Russian engineers started construction at both ends and worked towards the centre. From Vladivostok the railway was laid north along the right bank of the Ussuri River to Khabarovsk at the Amur River, becoming the Ussuri Railway.

In 1890, a bridge across the River Ural was built and the new railway entered Asia. The bridge across the Ob River was built in 1898 and the small city of Novonikolaevsk, founded in 1883, metamorphosed into a large Siberian centre—Novosibirsk. In 1898, the first train reached Irkutsk and the shores of Lake Baikal. The railway ran on to the east, across the Shilka and the Amur rivers and soon reached Khabarovsk. The Vladivostok-Khabarovsk branch was built a bit earlier, in 1897.

Russian soldiers, as well as convict labourers from Sakhalin and other places were pressed into railway-building service. One of the largest challenges was the construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway around Lake Baikal, some 60 km (40 mi) east of Irkutsk. Lake Baikal is more than 640 km (400 mi) long and over 1,600 m (5,000 feet) deep. The line ended on each side of the lake and a special icebreaker ferryboat, the SS Baikal, as well as a smaller one, the SS Angara, were built at Newcastle upon Tyne, England, to connect the railway. In the winter sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the completion of the Amur River line north of the Chinese border in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that remains to this day the world's longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes.

Effects

The Trans-Siberian Railway gave a great boost to Siberian agriculture, facilitating substantial exports to central Russia and Europe. It influenced the territories it connected directly, as well as those connected to it by river transport. For instance, Altai Krai exported wheat to the railway via the Ob River.

As Siberian agriculture began to export cheap grain towards the West, agriculture in Central Russia was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom, which was formally abolished in 1861. Thus, to defend the central territory and to prevent possible social destabilisation, in 1896 the government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff break (Челябинский тарифный перелом), a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the nature of export: mills emerged to create bread from grain in Altai Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk, and many farms switched to butter production. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 tonnes (30,643,000 pood) of bread (grain, flour) annually.^[9]

The Trans-Siberian line remains the most important transportation link within Russia; around 30% of Russian exports travel on the line. While it attracts many foreign tourists, it gets most of its use from domestic passengers.

The Trans-Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East.

Today the Trans-Siberian Railway carries about 200,000 containers per year to Europe. Russian Railways intends to at least double the volume of container traffic on the Trans-Siberian and is developing a fleet of specialised cars and increasing terminal capacity at the ports by a factor of 3 to 4. By 2010, the volume of traffic between Russia and China could reach some 60 million tons, most of which will go by the Trans-Siberian.^[10].

With perfect coordination of the participating countries' railway authorities, a trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg, via the Transmongolian and Transsiberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo travel times are usually significantly longer^[11] - e.g., typical cargo travel time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days.^[12]

Passenger fares

Return tickets from Central Europe to Vladivostok and back can be as cheap as €250.00 with so called CityStar or Sparpreis Europa special offers. In addition a reservation supplement for long-distance trains is mandatory, the prices range between €30.00 to €60.00 each way for trains in four-berth sleeper on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Overall, buying tickets for Russian trains in Germany, the Czech Republic or Poland can be cheaper and easier (language-wise) than in Russia.^{[citation needed]}

In addition to these services, a number of privately-chartered services are operated and one tour operator even commissioned the construction of their own train, jointly owned by themselves and Russian railways. The train, officially named Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express was launched on 26 April, 2007 by Prince Michael of Kent.^[13]

Routes

In general, the lower the train number the fewer stops it makes and therefore the faster the journey. The train number makes no difference to the duration of border crossings.

Trans-Siberian line

View from the rear platform of the Simskaia railway station of the Samara-Zlatoust Railway, ca. 1910

Bashkir switchman near the town Ust' Katav on the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Cheliabinsk in the Ural Mountains region, ca. 1910

The marker for kilometre 9,288, at the end of the line in Vladivostok

A commonly used main line route is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No.002M, Moscow-Vladivostok.^[1]

• Moscow, Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (0 km, Moscow Time).
• Vladimir (210 km, MT)
• Nizhny Novgorod (461 km, 6 hours, MT) on the Volga River. Its railroad station is still called by its old Soviet name Gorky, and is so listed in most timetables.
• Kirov (917 km, 13 hours, MT) on the Vyatka River.
• Perm (1,397 km, 20 hours, MT+2) on the Kama River
• Official boundary between Europe and Asia (1,777 km), marked by a white obelisk.
• Yekaterinburg (1,778 km, 1 day 2 h, MT+2) in the Urals, still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in most timetables.
• Tyumen (2,104 km)
• Omsk (2,676 km, 1 day 14 h, MT+3) on the Irtysh River
• Novosibirsk (3,303 km, 1 day 22 h, MT+3) on the Ob River
• Krasnoyarsk (4,065 km, 2 days 11 h, MT+4) on the Yenisei River
• Taishet (4,483 km), junction with the Baikal-Amur Mainline
• Irkutsk (5,153 km, 3 days 4 h, MT+5) near Lake Baikal's southern extremity
• Ulan Ude (5,609 km, 3 days 12 h, MT+5)
• Junction with the Trans-Mongolian line (5,622 km)
• Chita (6,166 km, 3 days 22 h, MT+6)
• Junction with the Trans-Manchurian line at Tarskaya (6,274 km)
• Birobidzhan (8,312 km, 5 days 13h), the capital of Jewish Autonomous Region
• Khabarovsk (8,493 km, 5 days 15 h, MT+7) on the Amur River
• Ussuriysk (9,147 km), junction with the Trans-Manchurian line and Korea branch
• Vladivostok (9,289 km, 6 days 4 h, MT+7), on the Pacific Ocean

Services to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via:

• Primorsk (9,257 km, 6 days 14h, MT+7)
• Khasan (9,407 km, 6 days 19h, MT+7, border with North Korea)
• Tumangang (9,412 km, 7 days 10h, MT+6, North Korean side of the border)
• Pyongyang (10,267 km, 9 days 2h, MT+6)

There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example:

• Some trains would leave Moscow from Kazansky Rail Terminal instead of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal; this would save some 20 km off the distances, because it provides a shorter exit from Moscow onto the Nizhny Novgorod main line.
• One can take a night train from Moscow's Kursky Rail Terminal to Nizhny Novgorod, make a stopover in the Nizhny and then transfer to a Siberia-bound train
• From 1956 to 2001 many trains went between Moscow and Kirov via Yaroslavl instead of Nizhny Novgorod. This would add some 29 km to the distances from Moscow, making Vladivostok Kilometer 9,288.
• Other trains get from Moscow (Kazansky Terminal) to Yekaterinburg via Kazan.
• Between Yekaterinburg and Omsk it is possible to travel via Kurgan Petropavl (in Kazakhstan) instead of Tyumen.
• One can bypass Yekaterinburg altogether by travelling via Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, and Petropavl; this was historically the earliest configuration.

Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of kilometers.

Trans-Manchurian line

The Trans-Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow-Beijing^[14] follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita, and then follows this route to China:

• Branch off from the Trans-Siberian-line at Tarskaya (6,274 km from Moscow)
• Zabaikalsk (6,626 km), Russian border town
• Manzhouli (6,638 km from Moscow, 2,323 km from Beijing), Chinese border town
• Harbin (7,573 km, 1,388 km)
• Changchun (7,820 km from Moscow)
• Beijing (8,961 km from Moscow)

The express train (No.020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days.

There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow—or anywhere in Russia-west-of-Manchuria—to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical (gauge break) inconveniences of crossing the border twice. However, assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin, Grodekovo, and Ussuriysk).^{[15][16][dead link][17][dead link]} Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east:

• Harbin (7,573 km from Moscow)
• Mudanjiang (7,928 km)
• Suifenhe (8,121 km), the Chinese border station
• Grodekovo (8,147 km), Russia
• Ussuriysk (8,244 km)
• Vladivostok (8,356 km)

Trans-Mongolian line

The Trans-Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude, and then follows this route to Mongolia and China:

• Branch off from the Trans-Siberian line (5,655 km from Moscow)
• Naushki (5,895 km, MT+5), Russian border town
• Russian–Mongolian border (5,900 km, MT+5)
• Sükhbaatar (5,921 km, MT+5), Mongolian border town
• Ulan Bator (6,304 km, MT+5), the Mongolian capital
• Zamyn-Üüd (7,013 km, MT+5), Mongolian border town
• Erenhot (842 km from Beijing, MT+5), Chinese border town
• Datong (371 km, MT+5)
• Beijing (MT+5)

Cultural importance

• The Trans-Siberian Railway is the theme for the Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama and 1900 Trans-Siberian Railway Fabergé egg.
• The Corto Maltese comic Corto Maltese en Sibérie has the Trans-Siberian Railway as part of the story that takes place in the Russian Revolutionary period of the 20th century.
• The cult film Horror Express starring Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee and Telly Savalas is set aboard the railway.
• In the play Fiddler on the Roof and the film version, Tevye's daughter, Hodel, takes the Trans-Siberian Railway to Siberia after her fiancé is exiled there.
• The 2008 thriller Transsiberian takes place on the railway.

Developments in shipping

Russia and Japan are working together to set up a system to safely ship goods to Europe through the Trans-Siberian. With the intensification of Somalian piracy, Russia hopes to look increasingly attractive as an alternate route for some goods as compared to sailing around the Horn of Africa and especially around the Cape of Good Hope.^{[citation needed]}. On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg.^[18]

One of the complicating factors related to such ventures is the fact that the CIS states' broad railway gauge is incompatible with China and Western and Central Europe's standard gauge. Therefore, a train travelling from China to Western Europe would encounter gauge breaks twice — at the Chinese-Mongolian or Chinese-Russian frontier and at the Ukrainian or Belorussian border with Central European countries.

See also

References