transatlantic telephone cable
A transatlantic telephone cable is a submarine communications cable that carries telephone traffic under the Atlantic Ocean.
When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only a month; subsequent attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful. Although a telephone cable was discussed starting in the 1920s, to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s. Starting in 1927, transatlantic telephone service was radio-based.
TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland between 1955 and 1956. It was inaugurated on September 25 1956, initially carrying 36 telephone channels. In the first 24 hours of public service there were 588 London-US calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978.
There have been a succession of newer transatlantic cable systems. All recent systems have used
| Cable Name | Date(s) in service | Type | Initial No. of channels | Final No. of channels | Western end | Eastern end |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAT-1 | 1956-1978 | Galvanic | 36 | 48 | Newfoundland | Scotland |
| TAT-2 | 1959-1982 | Galvanic | 48 | 72 | Newfoundland | France |
| TAT-3 | 1963-1986 | Galvanic | 138 | 276 | New Jersey | England |
| TAT-4 | 1965-1987 | Galvanic | 138 | 345 | New Jersey | France |
| TAT-5 | 1970-1993 | Galvanic | 845 | 2112 | Rhode Island | Spain |
| TAT-6 | 1976-1994 | Galvanic | 4,000 | 10,000 | Rhode Island | France |
| TAT-7 | 1978-1994 | Galvanic | 4,000 | 10,500 | New Jersey | England |
| TAT-8* | 1988-2002 | Fiber-optic | 40,000 | - | England, France | |
| TAT-9 | 1992-2004 | Fiber-optic | 80,000 | - | Spain, France, United Kingdom | |
| TAT-10 | 1992-2003 | Fiber-optic | 2 x 565 Mbit/s | - | Germany | |
| TAT-11 | 1993-2003 | Fiber-optic | 2 x 565 Mbit/s | - | France | |
| TAT-12/13 | 1996- | Fiber-optic | 12 x 2.5 Gbit/s | - | United Kingdom, France | |
| TAT-14 | 2000- | Fiber-optic | 64 x 10 Gbit/s | - | United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark | |
| CANTAT-1 | 1961-1986 | Galvanic | 80 | - | Newfoundland | Scotland |
| CANTAT-2 | 1974-1992 | Galvanic | 1,840 | - | Nova Scotia | England |
| CANTAT-3 | 1994- | Fiber-optic | 2 x 2.5 Gbit/s | Nova Scotia | Iceland, Faroe Islands, England, Denmark, Germany | |
| PTAT-1 | 1989-2004 | Fiber-optic | 3 x 140 Mbit/s? | New Jersey & Bermuda | Ireland & United Kingdom |
* first
The TAT series of cables constitute a large percentage of all north Atlantic cables. All TAT cables are consortia joint ventures between a number of telecommunications companies, e.g. British Telecom. CANTAT are Transatlantic Telephone cables terminating in Canada rather than the USA. There are a number of private non-TAT cables.
| Cable name | Date(s) | Nominal Capacity | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gemini (decommissioned) | 1998 | Cable & Wireless | |
| Apollo | 2002 | 3.2 Tbit/s | Cable & Wireless |
| AC-1 | 1998 | 120 Gbit/s | Global Crossing |
| Yellow/AC-2 | 2000 | Level 3 | |
| FLAG Atlantic | 2000 | Reliance Communications | |
| VSNL Transatlantic | 2001 | 5.1 Tbit/s | sold by Tyco to VSNL in 2005 |
| Hibernia Atlantic | 2001 | 320 Gbit/s | CVC Acquisition Company |
Other Atlantic cables
SAT-2, SAT-3/WASC/SAFE, ATLANTIS-2, COLUMBUS III.
See also
External links
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