Transplantation is a procedure done to replace one of your organs with a healthy one from someone else. It is a complex, long-term process of which the actual surgery is only one element.

A wide range of experts will help you prepare for the procedure, and to make sure you are comfortable before, during, and after surgery.

Transplant surgery is typically done to replace a diseased body part with a healthy one.

SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANTS

• Auto islet cell transplant is done after a person has their pancreas removed due to chronic pancreatitis. The procedure isolates insulin-producing cells from the pancreas and returns them to the patient's body.
• Corneal transplant replaces a damaged or diseased cornea. The corner is the clear tissue on the front of the eye that helps focus light on the retina. It is the part of the eye on which a contact lens rests.
• Heart transplant is an option for someone with congestive heart failure that has not responded to medical treatment.
• Intestinal transplant is an option for patients with short bowel or short gut syndrome or advanced liver disease, or who must receive all nutrients through a feeding line. See: Total parenteral nutrition(TPN)
• Kidney transplant is an option for someone with chronic renal failure. It may be done with a kidney-pancreas transplantdeceased-donor transplant
• Liver transplant may be the only option for someone with liver disease leading to liver failure.
• Lung transplantmay replace one or both lungs. It may be the only option for someone with lung disease who has not gotten better using other medicines and therapies, and whose survival is predicted at less than 2 years.

BLOOD/BONE TRANSPLANTS (STEM CELL TRANSPLANTS)

A stem cell transplant may be needed if you have a disease that damages the cells in the bone marrow or if your received high doses of chemotherapy or radiation.

Depending on the type of transplant, your procedure may be called a bone marrow transplant, a cord blood transplant, or a peripheral blood stem cell transplant. All three use stem cells, which are immature cells that give rise to specific cell types. Stem cell transplants are similar to blood transfusions and generally do not require surgery.

There are two different types these transplants:

• Autologous transplants use the patient's own blood cells or bone marrow.
• Allogeneic transplants use a donor's blood cells or bone marrow. A syngeneic allogenic transplant uses cells or bone marrow from the patient's identical twin.

For more information, see: Bone marrow transplant

THE TRANSPLANT SERVICES TEAM

The transplant services team includes carefully selected experts, including:

• Surgeons that specialize in performing organ transplants
• Other medical doctors
• Radiologists and medical imaging technologists
• Nurses
• Infectious disease experts
• Physical therapists
• Psychiatrists, psychologists, and other counselors
• Social workers
• Nutritionists and dieticians

This list may not be all-inclusive

BEFORE A TRANSPLANT

You will have a complete medical exam to identify and treat all medical problems, such as kidney and heart disease.

The transplant team will evaluate the patient and review their medical history to determine if the patient meets the criteria for organ transplantation. Most types of organ transplants have guidelines detailing what type of patient is most likely to benefit from a transplant and will be able to manage the challenging process.

If the transplant team believes you are a good candidate for a transplant, you will be put on a national waiting list. Your place on a waiting list is based on a number of factors, which depend on the specific type of transplant you are receiving.

Once on the waiting list, the search for a matching donor begins. Types of donors depend on your specific transplant but include:

• A living related donor is someone who related to the recipient, such as a parent, sibling, or child.
• A living unrelated donor is a person such as a friend or spouse. After donating the organ, the donors can live a normal, healthy life. Donors can live a normal, healthy life.
• A deceased donor is someone who has recently died. The heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, intestines, and pancreas are life saving organs that can be recovered from an organ donor.

You should identify family, friends, or other caregivers who can offer help and support during and after the transplant process.

You will also want to prepare your home to make it comfortable for when you return after being released from the hospital.

AFTER A TRANSPLANT

How long you stay in the hospital depends on the specific type of transplant that you have. However, you will be seen daily by the transplant services team.

Your transplant services coordinators will arrange for your discharge and discuss with you plans for care at home, transportation to clinic visits, and housing, if necessary.

You will be told how to take care of yourself after the transplant. This will include information about

• Medications
• How often you need to visit the doctor or clinic
• What daily activities are allowed or off limits

After leaving the hospital you will return to where you lived.

You will have periodic follow-ups with the transplant team, as well as your primary care doctor and any other specialists that may be recommended. The transplant services team is always available to answer any of questions that you may have.

Herman M, Keaveny AP. Organ Transplantation. In: Walsh D, Caraceni AT, Fainsinger R, et al, eds. Palliative Medicine. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 183.

Bishop MR, Pavletic SZ. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKena WG, eds. Clinical Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2008:chap 32.

American Cancer Society. What is a Bone Marrow or Stem Cell Transplant? Accessed March 16, 2010.

Organdonor.gov. Types of Organ Donation. Accessed March 16, 2010.