Transvaal

 

(trănzväl') , former province, NE South Africa. With the new constitution of 1994, it was divided into Eastern Transvaal (now Mpumalanga), Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo), Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Veereeniging (now Gauteng), and part of North West prov. The Transvaal was bounded on the N and W by the Limpopo River, which forms the border with Zimbabwe and Botswana, on the E by Mozambique and Swaziland, and on the S by the Vaal River, the border with Orange Free State (now Free State). It was mainly situated in the highveld, at an altitude of 3,000 to 6,000 ft (910–1,830 m). Pretoria and Johannesburg (both now in Gauteng) were the capital and the largest city, respectively. Other leading cities (all also now in Gauteng) included Brakpan, Germiston, Krugersdorp, Springs, and Vereeniging.

History

The Sotho and Venda peoples (both Bantu-speaking peoples) are thought to have settled in the Transvaal as early as the 8th cent. In the mid-1830s Afrikaner farmers (Boers), mainly from the Cape Colony (see Cape Province), came to the region (see Trek, Great). They scattered over the huge territory but were unable to form a strong government. In the Sand River Convention (1852) Great Britain, which at the time also held Cape Colony and Natal (see KwaZulu-Natal), recognized the right of the Boers beyond the Vaal River to administer their own affairs.

In 1857 the South African Republic was inaugurated in the SW Transvaal but claimed sovereignty over the whole territory. Martin Pretorius, son of the Boer leader Andries Pretorius, was its first president. In the 1860s and 70s the South African Republic expanded in size, and there were isolated finds of gold, diamonds, and copper. However, by the late 1870s the republic was bankrupt.

In 1877, Britain annexed the South African Republic after only a mild formal protest by its president, T. F. Burgers. In late 1880, however, the Boers began an armed revolt against the British and proclaimed a new republic. After defeats at Laing's Nek, Ingogo, and Majuba Hill (all in Feb., 1881), Britain granted the South African Republic independence.

In 1883, S. J. P. Kruger (Oom Paul Kruger) became the new republic's first president. In 1886 large gold deposits were discovered on what later came to be called the Witwatersrand, and many foreigners, especially Britons and Germans, entered the republic. The foreigners, called Uitlanders, threatened to overwhelm the Boers, whom they soon outnumbered by more than two to one. The Boers denied political rights to the foreigners and taxed them heavily. In Dec., 1895, Leander Starr Jameson staged a raid into the Transvaal that was intended to trigger an uprising by foreigners against President Kruger. However, only a minor revolt materialized, and Jameson was captured.

Tension between Boers and Britons in S Africa increased after the Jameson Raid, and in 1899 the South African War broke out. The Transvaal was annexed by Britain in 1900, but guerrilla fighting continued. The Treaty of Vereeniging (1902) ended the war and made the Transvaal (as well as the Orange Free State) a crown colony of the British Empire. The Transvaal, led by Jan Christiaan Smuts and Louis Botha, was granted self-government in 1907 and in 1910 became a founding province of the Union of South Africa. In 1961, the Transvaal became a province of the Republic of South Africa.

For the Russian theme park, see Transvaal Park.

For the Dutch district, see Transvaal (The Hague).

The Transvaal (lit. beyond the Vaal [pale river]) was one of the British colonies that united to form the Union of South Africa in 1910. After the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902 the bulk of the South African Republic became the Transvaal Colony, while the remainder was incorporated into Natal. It became one of the provinces of South Africa from 1910 until 1994. The province no longer exists, and its territory now forms the provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo and Mpumalanga and part of the North West Province. While no longer existing as an administrative unit, the Transvaal is still a useful geographical term and retains its historical meaning.

History

Main article: South African Republic

The Transvaal was colonised by Boer settlers who exited the British-dominated Cape Colony in the 1830s and 1840s in the Great Trek and established several republics outside British control - after the British occupation of the former Dutch colony in 1795 and again in 1806. The Great Trek came about due to discontent with autocratic British rule, lack of protection against raiding Xhosa bands, and Anglicisation of established Dutch traditions. Moving north-east, 'behind' the Nguni tribes (Xhosa and Zulu), the voortrekkers first established the independent republic, Natalia, but were again occupied by the British in 1843. They moved on across the Orange river, and established Transoranje in 1845 (later Orange Free State) but were again occupied by the British. Finally, they moved further north and established a number of smaller republics across the Vaal river, Transvaal, later to be united in the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek - ZAR.

The trekkers took advantage of the vast empty areas left after the Zulu extermination wars and their repercussions, and easily overcame the native peoples. In the 1850s, the British came to an understanding with the Boer republics, granting independence to the South African Republic (ZAR) in what is now the Transvaal. Britain annexed the ZAR again in 1877 as a convenient way of resolving the border dispute between the Boers and the Zulus. This also saved the Transvaal from financial ruin, as the government had completely run out of money. It regained its independence in 1881 after the so-called First Boer War.

Beginning in 1885, the discovery of a tremendous lode of gold in the Witwatersrand led to the immigration of many foreigners (uitlanders) to the Transvaal. The economic development of the Transvaal soon became staggering, and it was only a matter of short time before Transvaal would overtake the (British controlled, but Boer dominated) Cape Colony and possibly throw the British Empire out of souther Africa. Furthermore, the longer this gold remained out of British control, the position of London as centre of the world's gold trade (in the days of the international Gold Standard) was threatened, and thereby also London's position as the world's financial centre and role as a listening station for Empire intelligence. Using Uitlander franchise as a pretext, Britain therefore planned a takeover of Transvaal, as a parallel to her takeover of the (former Orange Free State) immense diamond fields in Kimberley. The Jameson Raid was an attempted coup d'etat in 1895, and was financed by the (foreign) mine owners who were dissatisfied with the Boer's taxation and restriction on the business. The raid was an awakening for the Boers and led to massive armament, mainly from German suppliers.

Increasing fear of British designs on the region and the amassing of British forces on their borders) led the Boers to make a pre-emptive strike in 1899. The Second Boer War lasted until 1902 and Britain used 500.000 soldiers to beat a nation of approximately 50.000 people. Women and children were put in concentration camps and approximately 26 000 died due to malnutrition and poor hygienic standards. This demoralising fact coupled with the use of torched earth strategy, and a blockade built through the entire country forced the Boer "Commandos" into submission. The war resulted in the incorporation of the Transvaal into the British Empire in 1902. The war also had immense effects on British politics both domestically, in Europe and the Empire, as it became evident that the Empire was more vulnerable than assumed. The Anglo-Boer war was in many senses a rehearsal for the greater events starting in 1914.

Eight years later, the Boer republics joined with the Cape Colony to form the Union of South Africa.

In 1961, the union ceased to be part of the Commonwealth of Nations and became the Republic of South Africa. The PWV (Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) area in the Transvaal (now Gauteng Province) became South Africa's economic powerhouse, a position it still holds today.

In 1994, after the fall of apartheid, the former provinces and homelands were restructured, and a separate Transvaal province no longer exists. Parts of the old Transvaal now belong to the new Gauteng, North West, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces.

The Transvaal is still used as a provincial division of the High Court of South Africa, as of 2006.

Even before 1994 the Transvaal province was split into regions for a number of reasons (sports for one), into Northern Transvaal (Pretoria, and Limpopo province now), Eastern Transvaal (Mpumalanga province now), Western Transvaal (Northwest province now) and Southern Transvaal (Gauteng province now, excluding Pretoria)

Geography

The Transvaal province lay between Vaal River in the south, and the Limpopo River in the north, roughly between 22 1/2 and 27 1/2 S, and 25 and 32 E. To its south it bordered with the Orange Free State and Natal provinces, to its west were the Cape Province and the Bechuanaland Protectorate (later Botswana), to its north Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe), and to its east Portuguese East Africa (later Mozambique) and Swaziland. Except on the south-west, these borders were mostly well defined natural features.

Several Bantustans were entirely inside the Transvaal: Venda, KwaNdebele, Gazankulu, KaNgwane and Lebowa. Parts of Bophuthatswana were also in the Transvaal, with other parts in Cape Province and Orange Free State.

Within the Transvaal lies the Waterberg Massif, a prominent ancient geological feature of the South African landscape.

Divisions:

• Zoutpansberg

Cities in the Transvaal:

• Heidelberg
• Johannesburg
• Messina
• Nelspruit
• Pietersburg
• Pretoria
• Vereeniging

See also

• Flag of Transvaal
• History of South Africa
• Transvaal map[1]

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

External links

• Public-domain historical maps of South Africa

Coordinates: 25°00′S, 28°30′E

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