The volatile oil of mugwort includes thujone, linalool, borneol, pinene. Also contains artemisinin, hydroxy-coumarins, lipohilic flavonoids, vulgarin, and triterpenes.

A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion. Steroids vary by thefunctional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the rings. Hundreds of distinct steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi. All steroids are made in cells either from the sterol lanosterol (animals and fungi) or the sterol cycloartenol (plants). Bothsterols are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.

Sugar is the basic food that gives energy to humans. We feel it sweet because that is the mapping that our brain has given to it since it is the basic food giving us energy. Bitter melon has phyto nutrients and other compounds that can drastically reduce our sugar levels because of that reason our brain has given it the mapping of bitter taste.

All the tastes we feel for different food are just mapping signals given by our brain according to our body requirements, that is the reason even water tastes sweet and good when you are very thirsty.

Mango contains a variety of phytochemicals[24] and nutrients. The fruit pulp is high in prebiotic dietary fiber, vitamin C, diverse polyphenols and provitamin A carotenoids.[25]

In mango fruit pulp, the antioxidant vitamins A and C, Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate, other B vitamins and essential nutrients, such as potassium, copper and amino acids, are present. Mango peel and pulp contain other phytonutrients, such as the pigment antioxidants - carotenoids and polyphenols - and omega-3 and -6 polyunsaturated fatty acids.[26]

Mango peel contains pigments that may have antioxidant properties,[24][27] including carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene,[28] polyphenols[29][30] such as quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins, tannins, and the unique mango xanthonoid, mangiferin,[31] any of which may counteract free radicals in various disease processes as revealed in preliminary research.[32][33] Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango species.[34] Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange pigmentation of most mango species.[35] Peel and leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including xanthonoids, mangiferin and gallic acid.[36]

The mango triterpene, lupeol,[37] is an effective inhibitor in laboratory models of prostate and skin cancers.[38][39][40] An extract of mango branch bark called Vimang, isolated by Cuban scientists, contains numerous polyphenols with antioxidant properties in vitro[41] and on blood parameters of elderly humans.[42]

The pigment euxanthin, known as Indian yellow, is often thought to be produced from the urine of cattle fed mango leaves; the practice is described as having been outlawed in 1908 due to malnutrition of the cows and possible urushiol poisoning.[43] This supposed origin of euxanthin appears to rely on a single, anecdotal source, and Indian legal records do not outlaw such a practice.[44]