Tularemia is an infection common in wild rodents. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animal tissues or by ticks, biting flies, and mosquitoes.
Alternative NamesDeerfly fever; Rabbit fever; Pahvant Valley plague; Ohara disease; Yatobyo (Japan); Lemming fever
Causes, incidence, and risk factorsTularemia is caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.
Humans can get the disease through:
Areas where the disorder most commonly occurs include North America and parts of Europe and Asia. The illness may continue for several weeks after symptoms begin.
Some people may develop pneumonia after being infected. Risk factors include recent exposure to rabbits or a recent tick bite. The disease is very rare in the United States.
Francisella tularensis is considered a potential bioterrorism agent. An aerosol release would be a possible method of infection. Pneumonia cases would start 1 - 10 days after people were exposed.
SymptomsThis disease may also affect the results of febrile/cold agglutinins.
TreatmentThe goal of treatment is to cure the infection with antibiotics. Streptomycin and tetracycline are commonly used to treat this infection. Once daily gentamycin treatment has been tried with excellent results as an alternative therapy to streptomycin. However, only a few cases have been studied to date.
Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol can be used alone, but they are not considered a first-line treatment.
Note: oral tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all their permanent teeth have come in. It can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming.
Expectations (prognosis)Tularemia is fatal in about 5% of untreated cases, and in less than 1% of treated cases.
ComplicationsCall your health care provider if symptoms develop after a rodent bite, tick bite, or exposure to the flesh of a wild animal.
PreventionA vaccine is recommended for people at high risk (trappers, hunters, and laboratory workers who work with the bacteria).
ReferencesSchaffner W. Tularemia and other Francisella infections. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 332.
Cronquist SD. Tularemia: the disease and the weapon. Dermatol Clin. 2004; 22(3): 313-20, vi-vii.