A tuya is a type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are somewhat rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were formerly covered by continental ice sheets and also had active volcanism during the same time period.
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Formation
Tuyas are a type of subglacial volcano that consists of nearly horizontal beds of basaltic lava capping outward-dipping beds of fragmental volcanic rocks, and they often rise in isolation above a surrounding plateau. Tuyas are found throughout Iceland, British Columbia, the Santiam Pass region in Oregon, the Antarctic Peninsula and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in Antarctica. Tuyas in Iceland are sometimes called table mountains because of their flat tops.
S. Holland, a geographer for the British Columbia government, described tuyas in the following way:[1]
- "They have a most interesting origin ... [they were] formed by volcanic eruptions which had been thawed through the Pleistocene ice-sheet by underlying volcanic heat. The lavas capping the mountains were extruded after the volcanoes were built above lake-level, and the outward-dipping beds were formed by the chilling of the lava when it reached the water's edge."
Word origin
The origin of the term comes from Tuya Butte, one of many tuyas in the area of the Tuya River and Tuya Range in far northern British Columbia, Canada. While still in graduate school in 1947, Canadian geologist Bill Mathews published a paper titled, "Tuyas, Flat-Topped Volcanoes in Northern British Columbia", in which he coined the term "tuya" to refer to these distinctive volcanic formations. Tuya Butte is a near-ideal specimen of the type, the first such landform analyzed in the geological literature, and this name has since become standard worldwide among volcanologists in referring to and writing about these formations. The Tuya Mountains Provincial Park was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of Tuya Lake and south of the Jennings River near the boundary with the Yukon Territory. Around the same time that Matthews published his paper, the Icelandic geologist Guðmundur Kjartansson had distinguished between "móberg" ridges and tuyas in Iceland and proposed the hypothesis that they were formed during subglacial and intraglacial eruptions.
A volcanic mesa near Santa Fe, New Mexico, known in English as Black Mesa and resembling a tuya, is known in Tewa as Tu-yo[1].
Examples
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Antarctica |
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Iceland: |
See also
References
- ^ *Landforms of British Columbia: A Physiographic Outline, S. Holland, Govt of BC, 1976, pp 51-52.
- Jakobsson, S. P.; Guðmundsson, M. T. (2008). "Subglacial and intraglacial volcanic formations in Iceland". Jökull: the Icelandic Journal of Earth Sciences 58: 179–196.
- Mathews, W. H. (1 September 1947). "Tuyas, flat-topped volcanoes in northern British Columbia". American Journal of Science 245 (9): 560–570. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/245/9/560.
- Mathews, W. H. (1 November 1951). "The Table, a flat-topped volcano in southern British Columbia". American Journal of Science 249 (11): 830–841. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/249/11/830.
External links
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