type

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type

A. face B. beard C. shoulder D. body E. set width F. nick G. foot H. groove I. point size (Academy Artworks)

1. A number of people or things having in common traits or characteristics that distinguish them as a group or class.
2. The general character or structure held in common by a number of people or things considered as a group or class.
3. A person or thing having the features of a group or class.
4. An example or a model having the ideal features of a group or class; an embodiment: "He was the perfect type of a military dandy" (Joyce Cary).
5. A person regarded as exemplifying a particular profession, rank, or social group: a group of executive types; a restaurant frequented by tourist types.
6. A figure, representation, or symbol of something to come, such as an event in the Old Testament that foreshadows another in the New Testament.
7. 1. A taxonomic group, especially a genus or species, chosen as the representative example in characterizing the larger taxonomic group to which it belongs.
   2. See holotype.
8. Printing.
   1. A small block of metal or wood bearing a raised letter or character on the upper end that leaves a printed impression when inked and pressed on paper.
   2. Such pieces considered as a group.
   3. Printed or typewritten characters; print.
   4. A size or style of printed or typewritten characters; a typeface: a sans-serif type.
9. A pattern, a design, or an image impressed or stamped onto the face of a coin.

1. To write (something) with a typewriter; typewrite.
2. To determine the antigenic characteristics of (a blood or tissue sample).
3. To typecast.
4. To represent or typify.
5. To prefigure.

To write with a typewriter; typewrite.

[Middle English, symbol, from Late Latin typus, type, from Latin, image, from Greek tupos, impression.]

The intelligible images organized into readable text of various styles and sizes. Type used in printing on paper or video display is divided into four categories: foundry, machine-cast, photocomposed, and digitized type. In the first two the face of the letter is raised on one end of a piece of metal. It is from that surface, when inked, that the impression of type was made from its invention until the 1970s. In photocomposition, the type is reproduced photographically. Digitized methods assemble dots into typographic letters, lines, or pages.

Classification

Foundry type, also known as hand type, is cast as single characters. Machine-cast metal type is produced by Linotype, Intertype, Ludlow, and Monotype machines. Very few of these machines are still in operation. All but the last cast type in lines, or slugs. The Monotype—in reality two devices, a keyboard and a caster—produces individual types that are then manually set in lines of desired lengths.

The output of the photographic type machine is the image of type on film or on photosensitized paper in negative or positive form.

The term cold type is applied to text matter produced on a typewriter or laser printer and to words or lines made up of individual printed characters assembled or pasted together for photographic reproduction. Digital type uses a number of printout technologies, imaging small dots into lines (called rasters) and positioning them on pages from patterns of zeros and ones called bitmaps. Because this method is electronic, more sizes and variations (for example, condensing or expanding or other distortion) are possible.

About 6000 styles of type are in everyday use throughout the world. The most widely used method for classifying them is the serif-evolution system, based on the different shapes of the terminals or endings of letters. This provides eight classifications: Venetian, Old Style (Dutch-English and French), Transitional, Modern, Contemporary (sans serif and square serif), Scripts, Black Letter, and Decorative Letters.

Type measurements

The American point system made the unit of type measurement a point, 0.01383 in. (0.35128 mm) or nearly ¹/₇₂ in. This system replaced the sixteenth-century practice of giving all type sizes names such as pearl, agate, nonpareil, brevier, long primer, and pica. Some names remained and have been assigned other functions. Agate, 5½-point type or 14 lines of type to an inch, has come to be used for measuring newspaper advertising space. Publications quote small space rates by the agate line. Nonpareil is used to designate 6 points of space in and around type. The word pica is commonly used to denote a unit of space measuring 12 points. It is applied as a dimensional unit to the length of type lines and to the width and depth of page. With the advent of desktop publishing, many software programs have standardized on 72 points equaling exactly 1 inch. With these programs, the point now equals 0.01389 in., compared with the traditional point, 0.01383 in. Some of these programs allow the user to select which point system to use.

The standard height of metal type in the United States is 0.918 in. (2.3 cm), a dimension called type-high and one observed by photoengravers and electrotypers who make plates to be combined with cast type. Letterpress printing presses are adjusted to fit this standard height.

Fonts

A complete complement of letters of one size and style from A to Z, together with the arabic numerals, punctuation, reference marks and symbols, is called a font. Most fonts also include the ampersand and currency symbols and the ligatures, ff, fe, ffi, fl, ffl, æ, and œ. A letter from a different font that is included by accident in type composition is known as a wrong font. All typographic images, from letters to symbols to oriental ideographs, are called glyphs.

Type families

A family of type may be likened to the shades of a color in that it includes variations of a given type face or design. Weights are varied, from light to medium, bold, and extra bold; letters are condensed and expanded, as well as outlined, inlined, and shadowed (see illustration).

A family of type.

Type for desktop publishing

Most typesetting today is performed using desktop publishing (DTP), which refers to the creation of documents through the use of an inexpensive personal computer off-the-shelf software that uses page description language, and laser-based output devices that convert the digital information into images on paper and other surfaces, such as printing plates for offset lithography.

(1) To input data to a typewriter or computer by pressing the keys on the keyboard.

(2) In programming, classifying variables by the kind of data they hold (string, integer, floating point, etc.). Strongly typed languages enforce strict adherence to typing and do not allow data types to be mixed in the same variable. Weakly typed languages provide minimal validation, which can result in processing errors.

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noun

1. A class that is defined by the common attribute or attributes possessed by all its members: breed, cast, description, feather, ilk, kind², lot, manner, mold, nature, order, sort, species, stamp, stripe, variety. Informal persuasion. See group.
2. A physical entity typifying an abstraction: embodiment, exteriorization, externalization, incarnation, manifestation, materialization, objectification, personalization, personification, substantiation. Rhetoric prosopopeia. See substitute.

type, a fictional character who stands as a representative of some identifiable class or group of people. Although some uses of the term equate it with the stereotyped stock character of literary and folk tradition, other uses distinguish between this ‘two‐dimensional’ stock character and the more individualized type: in the work of the Hungarian Marxist critic Georg Lukács, ‘typicality’ is a quality combining uniquely individualized with historically representative features. Lukács found this typicality in the characters of early 19th‐century realist novels like those of Balzac; similarly, the realist fiction of George Eliot and Henry James is inhabited by such types, who are certainly not mere stock characters. In two other senses, the term is used in reference to literary forms as a synonym for genre, and in reference to religious allegory as another word for emblem or symbol (see typology).

1. Exemplar, pattern, prototype, or original work serving as a model after which a building or buildings are copied.

2. Something exemplifying the ideal characteristics of, say, a temple, so some would hold that the Parthenon is the very type of a Greek Doric temple.

3. Tester.

4. Top of a small cupola or turret, e.g. the crowning part of a Tudor turret, such as those of the White Tower, Tower of London (1532).

5. Form or character that distinguishes a class or group of buildings (building-type), e.g. church, mausoleum, town-hall, temple.

Any class or category with shared characteristics.

In transplantation and transfusion immunology, a method of measuring the degree of organ, solid tissue, or blood compatibility between two individuals, in which specific histocompatibility antigens (e.g. those present on leukocytes) or other cell surface antigens, e.g. red blood cell antigens, are detected by means of suitable immune serum.

• blood t. — determining the antigenic determinants present on the surface of red blood cells by using specific antibodies (typing serums). See also blood group.
• phage t. — see phage typing.
• tissue t. — see tissue typing.

n.

Pestilent bits of metal suspected of destroying civilization and enlightenment, despite their obvious agency in this incomparable dictionary.

In metaphysics, a type is a category of being. Human is a type of thing; cloud is a type of thing (entity); and so on. A particular instance of a type is called a token of that thing; so Socrates was a token of a human being, but is not any longer since he is dead. Likewise, the capital A in this sentence is a token of the first letter of the Latin alphabet.

Much has been made of the type-token distinction by some philosophers, including Charles Sanders Peirce, who coined (pun intended) it as part of a three-way tone-token-type distinction. In recent years, the distinction has been used by philosophers of mind such as Donald Davidson to clarify many ideas about identity theory and other physicalist theories of consciousness.

See also

• Class
• Bertrand Russell's Theory of types.

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - type, art, forbillede, mønster
v. tr. - maskinskrive, typebestemme, symbolisere
v. intr. - skrive på maskine

idioms:

• not your type    ikke din type
• type area    indtastningsområde

Nederlands (Dutch)
type, soort, lettertype, symbool, typen, tikken, typeren

Français (French)
n. - type, genre, archétype, (Imprim) caractères, (Ling) type
v. tr. - taper (à la machine), classifier, cataloguer (qn) (comme)
v. intr. - taper (à la machine), dactylographier (sout)

idioms:

• in type    en caractères
• not your type    (ne pas être) votre genre
• type area    surface du texte (sur une page)

Deutsch (German)
n. - Typ, Typus, Schlag, Art, Muster, Modell, Vorwegnahme, Schrifttype
v. - tippen, mit der Maschine schreiben, ein Muster sein, Blutgruppe feststellen, auf eine best. Rolle festlegen

idioms:

• in type     druckfertig
• not your type    nicht dein Typ
• type area    Spiegel

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - τύπος, είδος, ποικιλία, τυπογραφικά ψηφία/στοιχεία
v. - δακτυλογραφώ

idioms:

• not your type    όχι ο τύπος μου
• type area    ψαχνό, τυπωμένο τμήμα σελίδας

Italiano (Italian)
digitare, tipo, carattere

idioms:

• not your type    non il tuo tipo

Português (Portuguese)
n. - tipo (m), modelo (m), emblema (m), gênero (m), grupo sangüíneo (m)
v. - representar, datilografar

idioms:

• not your type    não é teu tipo!

Русский (Russian)
печатать на машинке, предвосхищать, служить прообразом, быть прототипом, тип

idioms:

• not your type    не на моего вкуса, "не моего романа герой"

Español (Spanish)
n. - tipo, clase, género, individuo, sujeto, modelo, estilo, carácter, tipo de imprenta
v. tr. - mecanografiar, tipificar, clasificar, simbolizar, representar, ser el tipo de, determinar el grupo o tipo (de sangre)
v. intr. - escribir a máquina

idioms:

• in type    preparado y listo para imprimir
• not your type    no es tu tipo
• type area    área de escritura

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - typ, art slag, symbol, stilsort, typ, individ
v. - skriva maskin, vara ett typiskt exempel på, typbestämma

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
类型, 模范, 典型, 作为代表, 用打字机打, 测定类型, 打字

idioms:

• not your type    不是你的风格或特性
• type area    版面

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 類型, 模範, 典型
v. tr. - 作為代表, 用打字機打, 測定類型
v. intr. - 打字

idioms:

• not your type    不是你的風格或特性
• type area    版面

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 유형, 대표물, 활자
v. tr. - 타자기로 치다, ~의 형을 조사하다
v. intr. - 타자기를 치다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 型, 典型, 見本, 典型的な人物, 活字, 文字, 類型
v. - 分類する, 型を突き止める, タイプを打つ

idioms:

• not your type    好みではない
• type area    版面

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) نموذج, مثال, رمز (فعل) يطبع على ألأله الكاتبه, يرمز‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮טיפוס, סוג, מין, דוגמה, צורה, תבנית, אותיות, סדר, אזכור מוקדם במקרא של אדם או אירוע במסורת הנוצרית‬
v. tr. - ‮הקליד, לסווג, קבע סוג (דם), ייצג, סימל, היווה דוגמה לסוגו‬
v. intr. - ‮הקליד‬

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