Tyrone Guthrie

For more information on Sir William Tyrone Guthrie, visit Britannica.com.

Guthrie, Tyrone (1900–71), director and manager. The distinguished English director, long associated with the Old Vic, first came to America to direct Call It a Day (1936), later returning to stage a 1946 revival of He Who Gets Slapped. Thereafter, he moved back and forth between continents, offering New York his stagings of The Matchmaker (1955), Tamburlaine the Great (1956), Candide (1956), The Makropoulos Secret (1957), The Tenth Man (1959), Gideon (1961), and Dinner at Eight (1966). He was largely responsible for the creation of the Shakespearean Festival Theatre in Stratford, Ontario, in 1953 and the Guthrie Theatre and Guthrie Theatre Foundation in Minneapolis in 1963. Guthrie was at his best in bringing to life Elizabethan, especially Shakespearean, plays, but he displayed his fine sense of pacing, tension, and understanding in productions of many modern works. He also wrote a number of books, including Theatre Prospect (1932), A New Theatre (1964), and In Various Directions (1965). Autobiography: A Life in the Theatre, 1959.

(b Greenock, 10 June 1859; d Rhu, Strathclyde, 6 Sept 1930). Scottish painter. He originally enrolled at Glasgow University to study law but in 1877 his father, a member of the Scottish clergy, allowed him to train as a painter under James Drummond (1816-77). In 1878 he began work in John Pettie's studio in London where he was encouraged to produce academic history and genre paintings. Every summer from 1878 to 1881, however, Guthrie returned to Scotland to paint landscapes alongside Joseph Crawhall and E. A. Walton. He was influenced by the work of Jean-Fran?ois Millet and the Barbizon school and in the spring of 1882 completed his first major realist painting, Funeral Service in the Highlands (Glasgow, A.G. & Mus.).

See the Abbreviations for further details.

Tyrone Guthrie (1900-1971) was an English theater director, largely responsible for the founding of the Shakespeare Festival Theatre, Stratford, Ontario, and of the Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis.

Born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Tyrone Guthrie was the great-grandson of the Irish actor Tyrone Power. As a schoolboy Guthrie soon showed an interest in the theater, music, and writing. At Oxford University he studied history and was an active member of the Dramatic Society. In 1923 he joined the newly-founded Oxford Playhouse. However, the company's director, James B. Fagan, developed little confidence in Guthrie's acting abilities and did not re-hire him the following season.

Guthrie then accepted a job as a broadcaster for the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) in Belfast and soon began to produce plays over the air. His success as a radio director led him back to the theater and to a directing position with the Scottish National Players in Glasgow (1926). In 1928 the BBC produced two of Guthrie's radio plays, Squirrel's Cage and Matrimonial News, and employed him as a script editor in London.

Guthrie soon left the BBC to become artistic director of the Anmer Hall Company at the Festival Theatre, Cambridge. With this new company Guthrie's directing repertoire could shift away from the somewhat parochial national plays favored by the Scottish Players. He directed Euripides, Shakespeare, Ibsen, Chekhov, and Pirandello. It was here at the Festival Theatre that Guthrie also began to develop his gift for staging innovative, animated crowd scenes, eventually one of his directorial trademarks. In late 1929 another of Guthrie's radio plays, The Flowers Are Not For You To Pick, was successfully produced by the BBC. Despite Guthrie's primary involvement with the theater, his reputation as a radio writer and personality continued to grow. Accordingly, he was engaged to produce in Montreal a radio series of dramatized popular history, "The Romance of Canada" (1930-1931).

Upon returning to the Anmer Hall Company Guthrie directed James Bridie's The Anatomist (1931). The play opened the company's second home at Westminster Theatre and was Guthrie's first London production. He had his first West End directing success with Dangerous Corner, J. B. Priestley's first play (1932). That same year Guthrie published the first of his many books, Theatre Prospect, and his Westminster production of Love's Labours Lost brought him to the attention of Lilian Baylis. As administrator of the esteemed Old Vic, Baylis was in search of a new resident director for the company. She offered Guthrie the position for the 1933-1934 season.

Guthrie brought Charles Laughton to the Old Vic and directed him in several leading roles, most notably as Angelo in Measure for Measure (1933). However, Guthrie received mixed reviews for his year's work and subsequently concentrated on tallying up a number of West End and Broadway successes. Having proven himself in the commercial theater, Guthrie rejoined the Old Vic in 1936. As resident director, he staged a number of important, if not always entirely successful, productions: Wycherly's The Country Wife (1936), with Edith Evans and Ruth Gordon; A Midsummer Night's Dream (1937, 1938) with Mendelssohn's music; a modern dress Hamlet (1938) with Alec Guiness; and Ibsen's An Enemy of the People (1939). Two of his productions, Hamlet (1937) and Othello (1938), became famous for their Freudian interpretations, with Laurence Olivier playing major parts in both. During World War II Guthrie struggled to keep the Old Vic organization afloat in the provinces. One of his finest productions of this period was Ibsen's Peer Gynt (1944) with Ralph Richardson in the title role.

From 1945 to 1951 Guthrie worked as a freelance director. Among his many productions during these years were Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac (1946), again with Richardson in the lead role, and Oedipus Rex in Israel, New York, and Finland (1947, 1948). He also directed several operas and presented plays at the annual Edinburgh Festival. Guthrie returned to the Old Vic as interim artistic director for the 1951-1952 season, but his focus then moved to a new project in Canada.

The project was the Shakespeare Festival Theatre in Stratford, Ontario. It was founded in 1953 and originally housed in a huge tent. Guthrie's impulse to become involved with this venture was threefold: to help to develop a national theater tradition in Canada; to work with a resident ensemble, for Guthrie was a strong advocate of theater done by a community of artists; and to stage Shakespeare in a spatial configuration true to the Elizabethan spirit. After years of experience with Shakespeare's plays, Guthrie felt that an amphitheater setting with a large thrust stage better served the Bard's theatrical vision than the more common proscenium stage. Guthrie was the festival's artistic director for its first two summer seasons and directed plays for the company until 1957.

In 1958 Guthrie began plans to expand the ideas he had realized in Canada and to transfer them to America. His goal was to establish a fully professional classical repertory company free from commercial pressure. His efforts came to fruition with the 1963 opening of the Minneapolis Theatre, designed somewhat on the lines of the Stratford theater. For the opening season Guthrie directed his second modern dress Hamlet and Chekhov's The Three Sisters. His later productions in Minneapolis included Henry V and Jonson's Volponein 1964; Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard and Richard III, with Hume Cronyn in the title role, in 1965; The House of Atreus, an adaptation and monumental staging of Aeschylus's The Orestia, in 1967; and Chekhov's Uncle Vanya in 1969. In 1971 the theater was renamed in honor of Guthrie. He was knighted in 1961.

Further Reading

Besides Theatre Prospect (1932), Guthrie's own books on the theater include A Life in the Theatre (1959), his autobiography; A New Theatre (1964), which chronicles the development of the Minneapolis Guthrie Theatre; and In Various Directions (1965), a collection of essays. He also co-authored three volumes on the Shakespeare Festival Theatre, Stratford, Ontario: Known at Stratford, with Robertson Davies and Grant MacDonald (1953); Twice Have the Trumpets Sounded, with Davies and MacDonald (1954); and Thrice The Brinded Cat Hath Mew'd, with Davies (1955). An informative biography is James Forsyth, Tyrone Guthrie (1976). Interviews with numerous actors and designers about their work with Guthrie are collected in Alfred Rossi, Astonish Us in the Morning: Tyrone Guthrie Remembered (1977).

• Born: Jul 02, 1900 in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England
• Died: May 15, 1971 in Dublin, Ireland
• Occupation: Actor, Director
• Active: '30s, '50s
• Major Genres: Drama, Romance
• Career Highlights: The Beachcomber, Oedipus Rex, Sidewalks of London
• First Major Screen Credit: The Beachcomber (1938)

Biography

Tyrone Guthrie
Born	2 July 1900(1900-07-02) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England
Died	15 May 1971 (aged 70) Newbliss, County Monaghan, Ireland

Sir William Tyrone Guthrie (2 July 1900 – 15 May 1971) was an Anglo-Irish Tony Award-winning theatrical director instrumental in the founding of the Stratford Festival of Canada, the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota and the Tyrone Guthrie Centre, at his family's home, Annaghmakerrig, in County Monaghan, Ireland.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Recordings 3 Quotations 4 Bibliography 5 References 6 External links

Biography

Guthrie was born in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, the son of Dr. Thomas Guthrie (a grandson of the Scottish preacher Thomas Guthrie) and Norah Power. His mother Norah was the daughter of Sir William James Tyrone Power, Commissary-General-in-chief of the British Army from 1863 to 1869 and Martha, daughter of Dr. John Moorhead of Annaghmakerrig House.^[1] His great-grandfather was the Irish actor Tyrone Power. He was also a cousin of the Hollywood actor Tyrone Power. His sister, Susan Margaret, married his close university friend, fellow Anglo-Irishman Hubert Butler. Butler translated the text for Guthrie's 1934 production of Anton Chekhov's Cherry Orchard, for perhaps its first English-language production.

He received a degree in history at Oxford University, where he was active in student theatre, and worked for a season at the newly-established Oxford Playhouse. In 1924 Guthrie joined the BBC as a broadcaster and began to produce plays for radio. This led to a year directing for the stage with the Scottish National Players, before returning to the BBC to become one of the first writers to create plays designed for radio performance.

During the period from 1929 to 1933 he directed at various theatres, including a production of Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author in 1932. During 1933–1934, and 1936–1945 he was director of the Shakespeare Repertory Company. While in Montreal, Guthrie produced the Romance of Canada series of radio plays for recalling epic moments in Canadian history. The series was broadcast on the Canadian National Railway radio network.^[2]

In the 1940s Guthrie began to direct operas, to critical acclaim, including a realistic Carmen at Sadler's Wells and the Metropolitan Opera in New York. In 1953, he was invited to help launch the Stratford Festival of Canada. Intrigued with the idea of starting a Shakespeare theatre in a remote Canadian location, he enlisted Tanya Moiseiwitsch to design the thrust stage, and actors Alec Guinness and Irene Worth to star in the inaugural production of Richard III. All performances in the first seasons took place in a large tent on the banks of the Avon River. He remained as Artistic Director for three seasons, and his work at Stratford had a strong influence in the development of Canadian theatre.^[3][4]

In 1963, he founded the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to be designed by Ralph Rapson

In the prologue to his biography James Forsyth wrote: "Anti-Broadway, anti-West End, anti everything implied in the term 'Legitimate Theatre', he ended up with a legitimate claim to the title of 'most important, British-born theatre director of his time". Peter Hall wrote "Among the great originators in British Theatre...Guthrie was a towering figure in every sense. He blazed a trail for the subsidised theatre of the sixties. He showed how to run a company and administer a theatre. And he was a brilliant and at times great director..."

Guthrie wrote two major books about the creation of effective drama: Theatre Prospect (1932) and A Life in the Theatre (1959).

Guthrie was married to Judith Bretherton, who survived him by only a year. He was knighted in 1961, and died at home a decade later in Newbliss, County Monaghan, Ireland, at the age of 70 from undisclosed causes.

Recordings

• Directing a Play: A Lecture by Tyrone Guthrie - Delivered at the West Side YMCA, NYC (Smithsonian Folkways)

Quotations

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On being tall: 'If you're very tall it's not just rude boys who feel entitled to pass remarks. Perfect strangers in pubs are always coming up and saying: "Me and my friends are just having a bet. Just how tall are you?" Women to whom one has just been introduced think that it breaks the ice if they scream, "Goodness, you're tall!' How would they like it if I broke the ice first, by screaming "Goodness, what thick ankles!" or "Goodness what a bust!" — Sir Tyrone Guthrie, In Various Directions.

On the Shakespeare Authorship Question and Stratford, England's tourist business: "But what if it turns out, as it just possibly might, that William Shakespeare of Stratford was not the author of the plays ascribed to him? There is a theory, advanced by reputable scholars, seriously and, in my opinion, plausibly, that Shakespeare merely lent his name as a cover for the literary activities of another person, perhaps the Earl of Oxford. If, by some terrible chance, this theory should be proved, then straightway Stratford's tourist business would dwindle. It would become just one more, and honestly not one in the first ten, of England's picturesque small towns."^[5]

Bibliography

• Guthrie, Tyrone (1932). Theatre Prospect. London: Wishart. OCLC 1903289. 
• Guthrie, Tyrone; Davies, Robertson; Macdonald, Grant (1953). Renown at Stratford; A Record of the Shakespeare Festival in Canada, 1953. Toronto: Clark, Irwin. OCLC 6122929. 
• Guthrie, Tyrone (1959). A Life in the Theatre. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 331308. 
• Guthrie, Tyrone (1964). A New Theatre. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 331078. 
• Guthrie, Tyrone (1965). In Various Directions. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 711657. 
• Guthrie, Tyrone (1971). Tyrone Guthrie on Acting. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670738328. 
• Rossi, Alfred (1970). Minneapolis Rehearsals: Tyrone Guthrie Directs Hamlet. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520017196. 
• Rossi, Alfred (1977). Astonish Us in the Morning: Tyrone Guthrie Remembered. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0091288606. 

References

1. ^ "Obituaries: Sir Willlam Tyrone Power". The Times: pp. 11. 26 July 1911. 
2. ^ Jackson
3. ^ http://www.canadianshakespeares.ca/multimedia/pdf/stratford.pdf
4. ^ The Stratford Festival: The First 50 Years — Arts and Entertainment — CBC Archives
5. ^ Tyrone Guthrie (22 April 1962). "New York Times Magazine". The New York Times: pp. 12, 60–61. 

External links

• Tyrone Guthrie at the Internet Broadway Database
• Tyrone Guthrie at the Internet Movie Database
• Tyrone Guthrie Centre
• University of Bristol Theatre Collection
• Discography at Smithsonian Folkways

v • d • e Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play Elia Kazan (1947) · Joshua Logan (1948) · Elia Kazan (1949) · José Ferrer (1952) · Joshua Logan (1953) · Alfred Lunt (1954) · Robert Montgomery (1955) · Tyrone Guthrie (1956) · Vincent J. Donehue (1958) · Elia Kazan (1959) · Arthur Penn (1960) · John Gielgud (1961) · Noel Willman (1962) · Alan Schneider (1963) · Mike Nichols (1964) · Mike Nichols (1965) · Peter Brook (1966) · Peter Hall (1967) · Mike Nichols (1968) · Peter Dews (1969) · Joseph Hardy (1970) · Peter Brook (1971) · Mike Nichols (1972) · A. J. Antoon (1973) · José Quintero (1974) · John Dexter (1975) Complete list: (1947-1975) · (1976-2000) · (2001-present)

Persondata
NAME	Guthrie, Tyrone
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Actor
DATE OF BIRTH	July 2, 1900(1900-07-02)
PLACE OF BIRTH	Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England
DATE OF DEATH	May 15, 1971 (aged 70)
PLACE OF DEATH	Newbliss, County Monaghan, Ireland

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