Unearned income refers to income that is not a wage.
It includes interest, dividends or realized capital gains from investments, rent from land or property ownership, and any other income that does not derive from work.
Unearned income has often been treated differently for tax purposes than earned income, in order to redistribute income or to recognize its qualitative difference from income derived from work. Such a tax structure is most often associated with a progressive income tax structure.
In recent times the pendulum has swung the other way, and most western countries tax unearned income more favourably than income from work.
Some economists claim that unearned income is compensation for deferring consumption, freeing up those resources to be invested in improving the future, by funding research and development of new technologies and services, capital equipment and education to improve the productivity of labor and so forth. This view also holds that unearned income provides an incentive to save, and capital markets facilitate allocation of resources to those enterprises which will provide the best economic benefit. Extra taxes on unearned income can interfere with these mechanisms. This point of view also asserts that all income is ultimately earned, and ask why tax should be higher on work that was done 100 years ago than work that is done today.
Other economists point to the allocational efficiency implications of earned versus unearned income and regard differential treatment of income from different sources for income tax purposes as a legitimate object of public policy.
See also
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