In the field of software engineering, the Unified Modeling Language (UML)
is a standardized specification language
for object modeling. UML is a general-purpose modeling language that includes a graphical notation used to create an abstract model of a system, referred to as a UML
model.
UML is officially defined at the Object Management Group (OMG) by the
UML metamodel, a Meta-Object Facility metamodel
(MOF). Like other MOF-based specifications, the UML metamodel and UML models may be serialized in XMI. UML was designed to specify, visualize, construct, and document software-intensive systems.
UML is not restricted to modeling software. UML is also used for business process
modeling, systems engineering modeling, and representing organizational structures. The Systems Modeling
Language (SysML) is a Domain-Specific Modeling language for systems
engineering that is defined as a UML 2.0 profile.
UML has been a catalyst for the evolution of model-driven technologies, which include Model Driven Development (MDD),
Model Driven Engineering (MDE), and Model Driven Architecture (MDA). By establishing an industry consensus on a graphic notation
to represent common concepts like classes, components, generalization, aggregation, and behaviors, UML has allowed software
developers to concentrate more on design and architecture.
UML models may be automatically transformed to other representations (e.g. Java) by means of QVT-like transformation languages, supported by the OMG.
UML is extensible, offering the following mechanisms for customization:
profiles and stereotype. The semantics of extension by profiles have been improved with the UML 2.0 major revision.
History
After Rational Software Corporation hired James
Rumbaugh from General Electric in 1994, the company became the source for the
two most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day: Rumbaugh's
OMT, which was better for object-oriented analysis (OOA), and Grady
Booch's Booch method, which was better for object-oriented design (OOD). Together Rumbaugh and Booch attempted to reconcile their two
approaches and started work on a Unified Method.
They were soon assisted in their efforts by Ivar Jacobson, the creator of the
OOSE method. Jacobson joined Rational in 1995, after his company,
Objectory, was acquired by Rational. The three methodologists were collectively referred to as the Three Amigos, since
they were well known to argue frequently with each other regarding methodological preferences.
In 1996 Rational concluded that the abundance of modeling languages was slowing the adoption of object technology, so
repositioning the work on a Unified Method, they tasked the Three Amigos with the development of a non-proprietary Unified Modeling Language. Representatives of competing Object Technology companies were
consulted during OOPSLA '96, and were won over by Rumbaugh's a
cappella rendition of his version of Joni Mitchell's "Clouds". (Indicating the victory of his OMT notation of using boxes for representing classes over Grady Booch's Booch method's notation which used cloud
symbols).
Under the technical leadership of the Three Amigos, an international consortium called the UML
Partners was organized in 1996 to complete the Unified Modeling Language (UML) specification, and propose it as a
response to the OMG RFP. The UML Partners' UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997. During the same
month the UML Partners formed a Semantics Task Force, chaired by Cris Kobryn and
administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the semantics of the specification and integrate it with
other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG
in November 1997.[1]
As a modeling notation, the influence of the OMT notation dominates (e.g., using rectangles for classes and objects). Though
the Booch "cloud" notation was dropped, the Booch capability to specify lower-level design detail was embraced. The
use case notation from Objectory and the component notation from Booch were integrated with the rest of the notation, but
the semantic integration was relatively weak in UML 1.1, and was not really fixed until the UML 2.0 major revision.
Concepts from many other OO methods were also loosely integrated with UML with the intent that UML would support all OO
methods. For example CRC Cards (circa 1989 from Kent Beck and Ward Cunningham), and OORam were retained. Many others contributed too with their approaches flavoring
the many models of the day including: Tony Wasserman and Peter Pircher with the "Object-Oriented Structured Design (OOSD)"
notation (not a method), Ray Buhr's "Systems Design with Ada", Archie Bowen's use case and timing analysis, Paul Ward's data
analysis and David Harel's "Statecharts". as the group tried to ensure broad coverage in the real-time systems domain. As a
result, UML is useful in a variety of engineering problems, from single process, single user applications to concurrent,
distributed systems, making UML rich but large.
The Unified Modeling Language is an international standard:
- ISO/IEC 19501:2005 Information technology -- Open Distributed Processing --
Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.2.
UML has matured significantly since UML 1.1. Several minor revisions (UML 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5) fixed shortcomings and bugs with
the first version of UML, followed by the UML 2.0 major revision, which is the current OMG standard.
The first part of UML 2.0, the Superstructure which describes the new diagrams and modeling elements available, was adopted by
the OMG in October 2004. Other parts of UML 2, notably the infrastructure, the Object Constraint Language (OCL) and the diagram interchange were yet to be completed and
ratified as of November 2005.
The final UML 2.0
specification has been declared available and has been added to OMG's formal specification library. The other parts of
the UML specification, the UML 2.0
infrastructure, the UML 2.0
Diagram Interchange, and UML 2.0
OCL specifications have been adopted.
The current version available is 2.1.1 (August 2007) and is available in the form of an XMI 2.1 version of the UML 2.1
version. The corresponding XMI 2.1 file is made available from the OMG. The version 2.2 is currently under development.
Most of the commercially successful UML tools now support most of UML 2.0, leaving only the
rarely used features left to implement. Of course, it will take some time for the tools that are in the hands of the developers
to reach this level of compliance.
Methods
UML is not a method by itself; however, it was designed to be compatible with the leading object-oriented software development
methods of its time (for example OMT, Booch, Objectory). Since UML has evolved, some of these methods have
been recast to take advantage of the new notation (for example OMT), and new methods have been created based on UML. The best
known is Rational Unified Process (RUP). There are many other UML-based
methods like Abstraction Method, Dynamic
Systems Development Method, and others, designed to provide more specific solutions, or achieve different objectives.
Modeling
It is very important to distinguish between the UML model and the set of diagrams of a system. A diagram is a partial
graphical representation of a system's model. The model also contains a "semantic backplane" — documentation such as written use
cases that drive the model elements and diagrams.
UML diagrams represent three different views of a system model:
Functional requirements view
- Emphasizes the functional requirements of the system from the user's point of view.
- Includes use case diagrams.
Static structural view
- Emphasizes the static structure of the system using objects, attributes, operations, and relationships.
- Includes class diagrams and composite
structure diagrams.
Dynamic behavior view
- Emphasizes the dynamic behavior of the system by showing collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of
objects.
- Includes sequence diagrams, activity
diagrams and state machine diagrams.
UML models can be exchanged among UML tools by using the XMI interchange format.
Diagrams
In UML 2.0 there are 13 types of diagrams. To understand them, it can be useful to categorize them
hierarchically, as shown in the hierarchy chart on the right.
Structure diagrams emphasize what things must be in the system being modeled:
-
Behavior diagrams emphasize what must happen in the system being modeled:
-
Interaction diagrams, a subset of behavior diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and data among the things in the
system being modeled:
-
The Protocol State Machine is a sub-variant of the State Machine. It may be used to model
network communication protocols.
UML does not restrict UML element types to a certain diagram type. In general, every UML element may appear on almost all
types of diagrams. This flexibility has been partially restricted in UML 2.0.
In keeping with the tradition of engineering drawings, a comment or note explaining usage, constraint, or intent is always
allowed in a UML diagram.
Concepts
UML uses many concepts from many sources. For a definitive list, consult the glossary of Unified Modeling Language terms. Notable concepts are listed
here.
For structure
- Actor, attribute, class, component, interface, object, package.
For behavior
- Activity, event, message, method, operation, state, use case.
For relationships
- Aggregation, association, composition,
dependency, generalization (or
inheritance).
Other concepts
-
Criticisms
Although UML is a widely recognized and used modeling standard, it is frequently criticized for the following
deficiencies:
- Language bloat. UML is often criticized‹The template Who? is being considered for
deletion.›
[Who?] as being gratuitously large and complex. It contains many diagrams and constructs that
are redundant or infrequently used. This criticism is more frequently directed at UML 2.0 than UML 1.0, since newer revisions
include more design-by-committee compromises.
- Problems in learning and adopting. The problems cited above make learning and adopting UML problematic, especially
when management forces UML upon engineers lacking the prerequisite skills.[2]
- Only the code is in sync with the code. Another perspective holds that it is working systems that are important, not
beautiful models. As Jack Reeves succinctly put it, "The code is the design."[3][4] Pursuing this
notion leads to the need for better ways of writing software; UML has value in approaches that compile the models to generate source or executable code. This however, may still not be sufficient since
it is not clear that UML 2.0's Action Semantics exhibit Turing completeness.
- Cumulative Impedance/Impedance mismatch. As with any notational system, UML is able to represent some systems more
concisely or efficiently than others. Thus a developer is influenced toward solutions that most comfortably inhabit the
intersection of the strengths between UML and the coding language. This problem is particularly pronounced if the coding
implementation language does not adhere to orthodox object-oriented doctrine.
- Tries to be all things to all people. UML is a general purpose modeling language, which tries to achieve compatibility
with every possible implementation language. In the context of a specific project, the most applicable features of UML must be
delimited for use by the design team to accomplish the specific goal. Additionally, the means of restricting the scope of UML to
a particular domain is through a formalism that is not completely formed, and is itself the subject of criticism.
"UML: The Positive Spin", a stringent criticism of UML in the form of a parody -- a mock paper by a student who has been
assigned UML as a topic and is desperately trying to find something good to say about it -- was published by Bertrand Meyer in Ed Yourdon's American Programmer magazine. It is available on Eiffel
Software's archive site[5].
A paper by Brian Henderson-Sellers at the MoDELS/UML conference in Genova, Italy, October 2006 details flaws in the definition of the UML 2.0
language.
Extensions
UML allows vendors and users to extend the language through Profile
(engineering), which customize the language through the use of stereotypes,
tagged values, and constraints.
- SysML is a OMG standard UML profile for systems engineering
applications.
- MARTE is an OMG standard UML profile for
real-time and embedded system.
- Magnus Penker and Hans-Erik Eriksson define a business process modeling profile in Business Modeling with UML
(2000).
- Peter Coad, et al. show how to customize UML notation and semantics through the use of colors in Java Modeling In Color With UML (1999).
- Scott Ambler has defined a A UML Profile for Data Modeling.
See also
Notes
- ^ UML Specification v. 1.1 (OMG document ad/97-08-11)
- ^ See the ACM
article for an amusing account of such issues.
- ^ http://developers.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/03/01/2112257
- ^ Code as Design: Three
Essays by Jack W. Reeves
- ^ Bertrand Meyer: UML: The Positive Spin, in
American Programmer, 1997, available here
References
- Ambler, Scott William (2004). The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven
Development with UML 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54018-6.
- Chonoles, Michael Jesse; James A. Schardt (2003).
UML 2 for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-2614-6.
- Coad, Peter; Eric Lefebvre; Jeff De Luca (1999).
Java Modeling In Color With UML: Enterprise Components and Process. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-011510-X.
- Fowler, Martin. UML Distilled: A Brief
Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-321-19368-7.
- Gooch, Tom. History of UML. Retrieved on 2005-12-28.
- Jacobson,
Ivar; Grady Booch; James Rumbaugh (1998). The Unified Software Development Process. Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN
0-201-57169-2.
- Martin, Robert
Cecil (2003). UML for Java Programmers. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-142848-9.
- Noran, Ovidiu S.. Business
Modelling: UML vs. IDEF (PDF). Retrieved on 2005-12-28.
- Penker, Magnus; Hans-Erik Eriksson (2000).
Business Modeling with UML. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-29551-5.
- Henderson Sellers, Brian (2006). about
UML profiles. Springer Verlag. MoDELS'2006 Conference, Genova.
External links
- UML Resource Page of the Object Management Group – Resources that include the latest version of the UML
specification
- UMLWiki.org – A Wiki specializing in UML
- UML Guide (DevMentor.org) -
UML Tutorial & Reference, by Rajinder Yadav
- UML Forum – A web community dedicated to UML,
contains information related to UML modeling tools, training, tutorials, specifications, publications, mailing lists and
blogs.
- Visio Stencil and Template for
UML
- UML Reference Card
- UML
articles directory (articles)
- Database modeling in
UML (article)
- Introduction to the
Diagrams of UML 2 (article)
- Death by UML Fever – Discusses the occasional misuse of UML (article)
- Open
source UML editors lag proprietary leader, by Irfan Habib (article)
- Practical UML™: A Hands-On
Introduction for Developers, by Randy Miller (article)
- UML 3.0 and the
Future of Modeling, by Cris Kobryn (article)
- What Is UML? –
An overview of UML and its applications for managers (e-book)
- UML Basics
– An open source, online tutorial.
- PauWare (NetBeans plugin) – Java
execution engine (open source) for UML 2 State Machine Diagrams and Sequence Diagrams simulation
- E2E Bridge - a Virtual Machine for executing UML for Model Driven
Integration]
This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.
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