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The military reserve units controlled by each state of the United States, equipped by the federal government and subject to the call of either the federal or the state government.
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1411 Jefferson Davis Hwy. Arlington, VA 22202-3231 VA Tel. 703-607-2584 Fax 703-607-3680 |
Type: Government Agency
On the web:
http://www.ngb.army.mil
Okay, we can stop calling them weekend warriors now. Made up of citizen soldiers, the National Guard's mission is to guard the nation. During peacetime, state governors command their guards, calling them into action during local and statewide emergencies (an average of six times a year, per state). The Guard has been called to clear streets after tornados, evacuate residents before hurricanes, rescue victims in the wake of floods, provide security at large events, quell riots, and restore order. The US president also activates the National Guard to participate in federal missions -- guard units from across the country have been deployed in Kosovo, Iraq, and Afghanistan.
Officers:
Chief: H. Steven Blum
Director Army National Guard: Clyde Vaughn
Director Air National Guard: Craig R. McKinley
1. (in the U.S.) the primary reserve military force, partly maintained by the states but also available for federal use.
2. the primary military force of some other countries.
3. an armed force existing in France at various times between 1789 and 1871, first commanded by the Marquis de Lafayette.
4. a member of this force.
National Guardsman n.
See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.
For more information on U.S. National Guard, visit Britannica.com.
The modern counterpart of the militia has the longest continuous history of any American military component. The guard's original units were organized in December 1636 as the North, South, and East Regiments of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Artillery. They served at the beginning of the twenty-first century as components of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. The name "National Guard" was first used in 1824 by New York units to honor the Marquis de Lafayette, commander of the Garde Nationale de Paris, during his visit to the newly established United States. The Marquis de Lafayette greatly assisted General George Washington during the Revolutionary War. After 1889, the term "National Guard" was adopted gradually by the militias of the various states.
From the Militia Act of 1792 to the Dick Act of 1903, the United States lacked a uniformly enforced militia policy. The modern National Guard began with the Dick Act, which divided the militia into the organized militia, or National Guard, and the unorganized militia. Units were to conform to the standards of the regular army and receive increased state and federal aid, but they were separate from the army. A 1908 amendment authorized the president to send guard units outside the country. The National Defense Act of 1916 made the guard a component of the army while in federal service and provided for regular training. The National Defense Act of 1920 established a three-component army: the regular army, the National Guard, and the organized reserves. Although the guard was considered the first-line reserve, it still was not a full-time component of the army. An amendment in 1933 created the National Guard of the United States (NGUS) as a full-time reserve component of the army. Although the composition of this force was identical to that of the state National Guard, it was subject to a call to active duty by the president without his having to go through the governor. In 1940, just prior to the outbreak of World War II, nineteen guard divisions along with their air "observation squadrons" were activated. They served in all theaters of war, garnering campaign credits and honors. After the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the War Department established the guard as a twenty-seven-division force, available for immediate service in the event of war. Under terms of the Reserve Forces Act of 1955, the army became responsible for training guard recruits for at least six months.
Upon the creation of a separate air force in 1947, the Air National Guard was formed. Many Air Guard units were formed from those that previously existed as division observation squadrons and from units that had earned campaign credits and battle honors during World War II. Both Army and Air Guard units were called to federal service in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War. The Air Guard has served as an integral part of the U.S. Air Force since the beginning of the Vietnam War, when airlift units were added to its (Air Guard) flying inventory of mostly fighter units.
Reorganization in 1962 cut four divisions from authorized guard strength. In 1965, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara tried to amalgamate the guard with the reserves, but he encountered powerful opposition from Congress. Two years later fifteen divisions were cut from the force structure, leaving six infantry and two armored divisions. All National Guard unit members must serve at least forty-eight drills and fifteen days of field training annually. They must also conform to the regulations and requirements of the Departments of the Army and Air Force. From the 1980s into the twenty-first century, Army and Air National Guard units have been called to serve in all of the major contingency operations that have involved the United States.
Aside from being used in wartime, guard units have also given aid in times of natural disasters and maintained order during civil disturbances.
Bibliography
Doubler, Michael D. Closing with the Enemy: How GIs Fought the War in Europe, 1944–1945. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994.
Mahon, John K. History of the Militia and the National Guard. New York, Macmillan, 1983.
The National Guard is the term for the state-organized units of the United States Army and Air Force, composed of citizens who undergo training and are available for service in national or local emergencies. National Guard units are organized in each of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The National Guard units are subject to the call of the governor of their state or territory, except when ordered into federal service by the president of the United States. Entry into the National Guard is by voluntary enlistment. The National Guard is trained to work in conjunction with the active forces of the Army and Air Force. Much of its value comes from its service in times of peace, when the Guard provides emergency aid to victims of national disasters and assists law enforcement authorities during civil emergencies.
"Citizen-soldiers" have come a long way since the American Revolution. The Army National Guard has fought in every major war in which the United States has been involved, from the American Revolution to the Vietnam War. Since the end of the Vietnam War, the Guard has been engaged in all U.S. national defense missions. Not only is the National Guard devoted to the defense of the United States and its allies, it is also involved in a number of other activities, such as dealing with emergencies like civil disturbances, riots, and natural disasters, and helping law enforcement agencies to keep illegal drugs off the streets.
After the American Revolution, the First Congress of the United States did not consider the formation of a militia a top priority, and it disbanded the Continental Army. Congress did not officially debate the notion of a militia until the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The Constitution authorized a standing army in its Army Clause (art. I, § 8, cl. 12) and provided for a militia under the Militia Clauses (U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cls. 15-16). Under the Constitution, the militia is to be available for federal service for three distinct purposes: "to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions." Congress is to organize and discipline the militia, and the states are to appoint officers and train the soldiers.
The National Guard, whose main responsibility since its inception had been the protection of colonial settlements, faced its first significant challenge when it tried to defend the settlements from Native American domination. In 1789, the federal government formed a War Department of approximately seven hundred men for the purpose of defending U.S. soil and its settlements from Native American attack. These small armies failed, and Congress responded to the failure of its small armies to fight off Native Americans in the West by enacting the Militia Act of 1792 (May 8, 1792, ch. 33, I Stat. 271 [repealed 1903]); this act was the militia's only permanent organizing legislation for more than one hundred years. While the act governed the militia, the United States endured three wars — the War of 1812, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War — and the militia was ineffective in all three. Congress replaced the act with the Dick Act of 1903 (32 Stat. 775) to transform "a frontier police force into a respected and modern fighting machine."
The Dick Act provided for an organized militia — to be named the National Guard — that would conform to the organization of the Army, be equipped through federal funds, and be trained by Army instructors. The act consisted of twenty-six sections and set forth new provisions that had previously only applied to the Army, but now also applied to the newly formed National Guard, including a nine-month limit for reservists' service on active duty, a provision that when on active duty, the reservists would be guided by Army rules and regulations and would receive the same pay as that given to Army soldiers, and a new requirement for the performance of twenty-four drills per year and a five-day summer camp. The act also gave states' governors certain powers over their Guard units, such as the power to excuse their troops from any of the drills or summer camp.
Congress amended and strengthened the Dick Act when it passed the National Defense Act of 1908, May 27, 1908, ch. 204, 35 Stat. 399 (amending Dick Act of Jan. 21, 1903, ch. 196, 32 Stat. 775), which provided that the Guard could not only be called into services within or outside of United States territory but could also be called into service for as long as the president deemed necessary, no longer subject to a nine-month limitation. The National Defense Act of 1916 (June 3, 1916, ch. 134, 39 Stat. 166) separated the Army, the reserves, and the militia and "federalized" the National Guard.
Several years later Congress declared the National Guard a part of the Army, and the National Guard became solely authorized by the Army Clause of the Constitution when Congress passed the Act of 1933 (48 Stat. 149, 155). This act provided that reserve soldiers would no longer be drafted into federal service and that they would be ordered to active duty only if "Congress declared a national emergency and authorized the use of troops in excess of those of the Regular Army."
Since 1933 federal law has provided that persons enlisting in a state National Guard unit simultaneously enlist in the National Guard of the United States, a part of the Army. The enlistees retain their status as state National Guard members unless and until ordered to active federal duty and revert to state status upon being relieved from federal service.
The authority to order the Guard to federal duty was limited to periods of national emergency until Congress passed the Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952 (66 Stat. 481), which authorized orders "to active duty or active duty for training" without any emergency requirement but provided that such orders could not be issued without the consent of the governor of the state concerned. The act also set forth the mission of the reserve components and defined some important terms. For example, the act clarified that the United States armed forces are the Army, Navy, Air Force, the Marine Corps and the Coast Guard, and that the seven reserve components are the National Guard, the Army Reserve, the Navy Reserve, the Marine Corps Reserve, the Air National Guard, the Air Force Reserve, and the Coast Guard Reserve. According to the act, the purpose of the reserve components is to provide "trained units and qualified individuals to be available for active duty in the Armed Forces of the United States in time of war or national emergency, and at such other times as the national security may require."
Further, the act declares that "the National Guard … [is] an integral part of the first line defenses of this Nation [and must be maintained at all times]… . [W]henever … units and organizations are needed for the national security in excess of those of the Regular components …, the National Guard … shall be ordered into the active military service of the United States and continued therein so long as such necessity exists."
The legal basis of the National Guard is founded not only in federal constitutional and statutory law but in state constitutions and statutes as well. The original "militia," which eventually became known as the Army National Guard, began as a domestic force made up of untrained men led by political generals. The Army Clause of the Constitution gives Congress the power to provide and maintain a Navy and make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces. The Militia Clauses of the Constitution authorize the states to organize the National Guard but give Congress the power to employ the Guard in the service of the country.
Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution states that the president of the United States is the "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States."
The Framers of the Constitution authorized Congress to recognize a militia that was largely controlled by the states. The states generally have maintained control over the militia during times of peace but not during war or national emergency. However, after two state governors refused to consent to federal training missions abroad for their Guard units, the gubernatorial consent requirement was partially repealed in 1986 by the Montgomery Amendment, which provides that a governor cannot withhold consent for reservists to be on active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of such duty. The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of the Montgomery Amendment in Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334, 110 S. Ct. 2418, 110 L. Ed. 2d 312 (1990). According to the Court, the Militia Clause of the Constitution granted independent rights to both the states and the federal government to train the militia. Congress is free to train the militia as it sees fit, provided it does not prevent the states from also conducting training.
Ultimately, the National Guard enjoys a dual status as both a state militia and as an integral part of the federal armed forces. Although it continues to perform important domestic functions, the federal government has ultimate power when it requires the National Guard for national defense.
The volunteer military forces of each state, which the governor of a state can summon in times of civil disorder or natural disaster. Through congressional and presidential order, the National Guard can be called into service in the regular United States army.
| United States National Guard | |
|---|---|
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| Active | 1903 to Present |
| Country | United States |
| Allegiance | States(Title 32 USC) Federal(Title 10 USC) |
| Role | Military Reserve |
| Size | 456,800 end strength FY2004 |
| Part of | National Guard Bureau |
| Garrison/HQ | in all fifty States, as well as organized territories of the United States |
| Nickname | Air Guard Army Guard |
| Motto | Minutemen |
| Commanders | |
| Current commander |
Lieutenant General H Steven Blum |
The United States National Guard is a reserve forces component of the United States Army (the Army National Guard) and the United States Air Force (the Air National Guard). Both are maintained through the National Guard Bureau, a semi-independent subordinate entity of the United States Department of Defense, whose Chief is a Lieutenant General.
The Militia Act of 1903 organized the various state militias into the present National Guard system. The Army National Guard is part of the United States Army, comprising approximately one half of its available combat forces and approximately one third of its support organization. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force.
Title X of the US Code states:
(a) The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard.
(b) The classes of the militia are—
- (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and
- (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia.[1]
Many states also maintain their own State Defense Forces. These forces are federally recognized, but are separate from the National Guard and are not meant to be federalized, but rather serve the state exclusively, especially when the National Guard is deployed or otherwise unavailable.
Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the U.S. Army; likewise, Air National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the US Air Force. Both are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their "full-time" Federal counterparts. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The National Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in a service member's home state.
The United States National Guard is authorized by the Constitution of the United States. As originally drafted, the Constitution limited the mustering of state militias: without the consent of Congress, states could not "keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace,…or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay." (Article I, Section 10; Clause 3) Congress, however, had a duty to protect states from invasion and domestic violence (Article IV, Section 4).
State militias are not entirely independent, however, because they may be federalized. According to Article I, Section 8; Clause 15, the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for "calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions." Congress may appropriate funds to support state militias (clause 12), and may:
The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the state militias "when called into the actual Service of the United States". (Article II, Section 2).
The United states Congress has enacted various laws which control the National Guard
National Guard units can be mobilized at any time by presidential order to supplement regular armed forces, and upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory in which they serve (In the case of Washington, D.C. guard units, the Mayor of D.C.). Unlike Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments (TDY). However, there has been a significant amount of individual activations to support ongoing military operations related to the Global War on Terrorism (beginning in 2001); the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard.
The National Guard Bureau is in Arlington, Va., and is a joint bureau of the United States Department of the Army and the United States Department of the Air Force to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. The current chief of the National Guard Bureau is Lieutenant General H. Steven Blum. The chief is the senior uniformed National Guard officer, in charge of developing all policies and advising the Secretaries and Chiefs of Staff of the Army and the Air Force on all National Guard issues. He is appointed by the president in his capacity as Commander in Chief.
Throughout the 19th century the regular Army was small, and the militia provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican-American War, the start of the American Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. In 1903, part of the militia was federalized and renamed the National Guard and organized as a Reserve force for the Army. In World War I, the National Guard made up 40 percent of the U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II the National Guard made up 19 divisions. One hundred forty thousand guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Haiti, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bosnia, and Kosovo as well as for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States.
The federally-controlled National Guard as we know it was officially created in 1916; however, the heritage of the National Guard traces back to English common law and the citizen militias of the British North American colonies. The claim that the National Guard is older than the nation itself, with over three and a half centuries of service, is based on the fact that the modern-day 101st Engineer Battalion and 182nd Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are both directly descended from Massachusetts Bay Colony regiments formed over 370 years ago. On December 13, 1636, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony had ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments--with a goal of increasing the militias’ accountability to the colonial government, efficacy, and responsiveness in conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians. Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to play a part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills. After the United States came into existence, state militias would develop out of this tradition.
The visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the U.S., in 1824-25, was in every sense a triumphal procession. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's celebrated Garde Nationale de Paris. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed. "National Guard" was destined to become the name of the U.S. militia.
Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units became the Air National Guard. There is no Naval National Guard due to the constitutional provision against states having ships of war in time of peace, though Alaska, California, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Ohio have incorporated Naval Militia units. At this time the National Guard consisted of 27 Divisions; 25 Infantry and two armored, plus scores of smaller units.
Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio's governor James Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine.
National Guard members and reservists now comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history (about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan). There are now 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who leave behind about 300,000 dependents, according to U.S. Defense Department statistics.
The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.
During the LA Riots in 1992, when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the LAPD's ability to contain the violence, the California National Guard were mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city.
National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, in September 2005.
In January and February 2007, National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow, drop hay for starving cattle, deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses, and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country.[5]
The Air National Guard has more than 106,000 personnel, and the Army National Guard (ARNG) around 325,000 personnel (as of February 2006).[citation needed]
The Army National Guard is reorganizing into 28 brigade combat teams and 78 support brigades as a part of the Army's transformation plan. When the reorganization is complete, brigades will have 3,000-to-4,000 soldiers whereas the former Army organization was principally structured around large, mostly mechanized, divisions of around 15,000 soldiers each. [6]
In the first quarter of 2007, Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops. "Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one-year deployment no more than every five years. … Gates is imposing a one-year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers, effective immediately.” Prior to this time, Guard troops deployed for a standard one-year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time. During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline, deployed or soon to be deployed, some will face deployments faster than every five years. "The one-to-five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies." [7]
Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, the National Guard's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty (with no more than six months overseas) for each five years of regular drill. Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks, the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months (with no more than one year overseas). Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months. Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman will be involuntarily activated for more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six year enlistment period (this policy is due to change 1 August 2007, the new policy states that soldiers will be given 24 months between deployments of no more than 24 months (individual states have differing policies).[citation needed]
Traditionally, most National Guard personnel serve "One weekend a month, two weeks a year", although a significant number serve in a full-time capacity, in a role called Active Guard and Reserve, or AGR. This slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War, when up to 40% of total US forces in Iraq and Afghanistan consisted of mobilized personnel of the reserve components. Furthermore, most National Guardsmen have now served at least one combat tour in support of the Global War on Terrorism [citation needed]. .
Historically, National Guard service has been a common trait among presidents of the United States. 20 of America's 43 presidents have served in the National Guard. Among these, 19 have served in the Army Guard and one (George W. Bush) has served in the Air Guard.
George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison, Andrew Jackson, William Harrison, John Tyler, James
Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan,
Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant,
Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield,
Chester Arthur, Benjamin Harrison,
William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt,
| Name | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| Colonel Erasmus M. Weaver, Jr. | February 14, 1908 | March 14, 1911 |
| Brigadier General Robert K. Evans | March 15, 1911 | August 31, 1912 |
| Major General Albert L. Mills | September 1, 1912 | September 18, 1916 |
| Major General William A. Mann | October 26, 1916 | November 26, 1917 |
| Major General Jessie Mcl. Carter | November 26, 1917 | August 15, 1918 |
| Major General George C. Rickards | June 29, 1921 | June 28, 1925 |
| Major General Creed C. Hammond | June 29, 1925 | June 28, 1929 |
| Colonel Ernest R. Redmond (Actg) | June 29, 1929 | September 30, 1929 |
| Major General William G. Everson | October 1, 1929 | November 30, 1931 |
| Major General George E. Leach | December 1, 1931 | November 30, 1935 |
| Colonel Harold J. Weiler (Actg) | December 1, 1935 | January 16, 1936 |
| Colonel John F. Williams (Actg) | January 17, 1936 | January 30, 1936 |
| Major General Albert H. Blanding | January 31, 1936 | January 30, 1940 |
| Major General John F. Williams | January 31, 1940 | January 30, 1944 |
| Major General John F. Williams (Actg) | January 31, 1944 | January 31, 1946 |
| Major General Butler B. Miltonberger | February 1, 1946 | September 29, 1947 |
| Major General Kenneth F. Cramer | September 30, 1947 | September 4, 1950 |
| Major General Raymond H. Fleming (Actg) | September 5, 1950 | August 13, 1951 |
| Major General Raymond H. Fleming | August 14, 1951 | February 15, 1953 |
| Major General Earl T. Ricks (Actg) | February 16, 1953 | June 21, 1953 |
| Major General Edgar C. Erickson | June 22, 1953 | May 31, 1959 |
| Major General Winston P. Wilson (Actg) | June 1, 1959 | July 19, 1959 |
| Major General Donald W. McGowan | July 20, 1959 | August 30, 1963 |
| Major General Winston P. Wilson | August 31, 1963 | August 31, 1971 |
| Major General Francis S. Greenlief | September 1, 1971 | June 23, 1974 |
| Lieutenant General La Vern E. Weber | August 16, 1974 | August 15, 1982 |
| Lieutenant General Emmett H. Walker, Jr. | August 16, 1982 | August 15, 1986 |
| Lieutenant General Herbert R. Temple, Jr. | August 16, 1986 | January 31, 1990 |
| Lieutenant General John B. Conaway | February 1, 1990 | December 1, 1993 |
| Major General Raymond F. Rees (Actg) | January 1, 1994 | July 31, 1994 |
| Lieutenant General Edward D. Baca | October 1, 1994 | July 31, 1998 |
| Lieutenant General Russell C. Davis | August 4, 1998 | August 3, 2002 |
| Major General Raymond F. Rees (Actg) | August 4, 2002 | April 10, 2003 |
| Lieutenant General H. Steven Blum | April 11, 2003 | present |
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| National Guard in the United States | |
|---|---|
| States | Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming |
