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In Technology
Who are some unrecognized inventors?
AVitaly Mikhaylovich Abalakov, (1906-1986), Russia - camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor.Hovannes Adamian, (1879-1932), Armenia/Russia …- tricolor principle of the color televisionRobert Adler, (1913-2007), Austria/United States - wireless remote controlTurhan Alçelik (c. 2006), Turkey - non-glaring headlampRostislav Alexeyev, (1916-1980) , Russia - Ekranoplan.Mary Anderson, (1866-1953), United States - windshield wiper bladeNicolas Appert, (1749-1841), France - canning (airtight food preservation)Archimedes, (c. 287-212 BC), Greece - Archimedes' screwAmi Argand, (1750-1803), France - Argand lampEdwin H. Armstrong,(1890-1954), U.S. - FM radioWilliam George Armstrong, (1810-1900), UK - hydraulic craneNeil Arnott, (1788-1874), UK - waterbedLev Artsimovich, (1909-1973), Russia - TokamakAl-Ashraf, (fl. 1282-1296), Yemen - dry compassJoseph Aspdin, (1788-1855), England - Portland cementJohn Vincent Atanasoff, (1903-1995), United States - modern programmable computer [edit] BCharles Babbage, (1791-1871), UK - analytical engine (semi-automatic computer)Roger Bacon, (1214-1292), England - magnifying glassLeo Baekeland, (1863-1944), Belgian-American - Velox photographic paper and BakeliteRalph H. Baer, (1922-), German born American - video game consoleAbd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, (1162-1231), Iraq/Egypt - ventilatorJohn Logie Baird, (1888-1946), Scotland - an electromechanical televisionIbn al-Baitar, (d. 1248), Islamic Spain - three hundred drugs and foods, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, Hindiba, pharmacopoeiaAbi Bakr of Isfahan, (c. 1235), Persia - mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar analog computerDonat Banki, (1859-1922), Hungary - inventor of the carburetorJohn Bardeen, (1908-1991), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorAnthony R. Barringer Canadian - American - INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic systemEarl W. Bascom, (1906-1995), Canada and United States - side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chapsIbn Bassal, (fl. 1038-1075), Islamic Spain - flywheel, flywheel-driven noria, flywheel-driven saqiya chain pumpMuhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius), (853-929), Syria/Turkey - observation tubeEugen Baumann, (1846-1896), Germany - PVCTrevor Baylis, (1937-), UK - a wind-up radioFrancis Beaufort, (1774-1857), France - Beaufort scaleArnold O. Beckman, (1900-2004), U.S. - pH meterUlugh Beg, 1394-1449, |Persia - Fakhri sextant, mural sextantAlexander Graham Bell, (1847-1922), Canada, Scotland, and U.S. - telephoneKarl Benz, (1844-1929), Germany - the petrol-powered automobileEmile Berliner, (1851-1929), Germany and U.S. - the disc record gramophoneTim Berners-Lee, (1955-), UK - with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide WebAbu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, (955-996), Egypt - airmail, homing pigeonBi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇), (ca. 990-1051), China - clay movable type printingLaszlo Biro, (1899-1985), Hungary - modern ballpoint penClarence Birdseye, (1886-1956), U.S. - frozen food processAbū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, (973-1048), Persia - mechanical geared lunisolar calendar analog computer, fixed-wired knowledge processing machine, conical measure, laboratory flask, Orthographical astrolabe, hodometer, pycnometerJ. Stuart Blackton, (1875-1941), U.S. - stop-motion filmOtto Blathy (1860-1939), Hungary - co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogeneratorKatharine B. Blodgett, (1898-1979), UK - nonreflective glassNils Bohlin, (1920-2002), Sweden - the three-point seat beltJoseph-Armand Bombardier, (1907-1964), Canada - snowmobileJagdish Chandra Bose, (1858 -1937), India - CrescographRobert W. Bower, (1936-), U.S. - self-aligned-gate MOSFETSeth Boyden, (1788-1870), U.S. - nail-making machineWalter Houser Brattain, (1902-1987), U.S. - co-inventor of the transistorLouis Braille, (1809-1852), France - the Braille writing systemKarl Ferdinand Braun, (1850-1918), Germany - cathode-ray tube oscilloscopeHarry Brearley, (1871-1948), UK - stainless steelSergey Brin, (1973-), Russia/U.S. - with Larry Page invented Google web search engineRachel Fuller Brown, (1898-1980), U.S., Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibioticJohn Moses Browning, (1855-1926), U.S. - automatic handgunMaria Christina Bruhn, (1732-1802)Edwin Beard Budding, (1795-1846), UK - lawnmowerCorliss Orville Burandt, U.S. - Variable valve timing [edit] CRobert Cailliau, (1947 -), Belgium - with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide WebC`ai Lun, 蔡倫 (50 AD - 121), China - paperMarvin Camras, (1916 - 1995), U.S. - magnetic recordingChester Carlson, (1906 - 1968), U.S. - XerographyWallace Carothers, (1896 - 1937), U.S. - NylonHezarfen Ahmet Celebi, (fl. 1630-1632), long-distance flight, artificial wingsLagari Hasan Çelebi, (fl. 1633-1640), Turkey - manned rocket, artificially-powered aircraft, rocket aircraftJoseph Constantine Carpue, (1764 - 1846), France - rhinoplastic surgeryGeorge Cayley, (1773 - 1857), (UK) - glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar trackRoxey Ann Caplin, (1793 - 1888) - CorsetsAdriano Cavalcanti, (1971 -), Australia - hardware architecture for nanorobotsDennis Charter, [1] [2] (1952 -), Australia - secure electronic payment system for internet PaySafeAdrian Chernoff, (1971 -), U.S. - GM Autonomy, GM Hy-wire, Rubber BanditsEvgeniy Chertovsky, Russia - Pressure suitNiels Christensen (1865 - 1952), U.S. - O-ringSamuel Hunter Christie, (1784 - 1865), UK - Wheatstone bridgeJuan de la Cierva, (1895 - 1936), Spain - the autogyroAlexandru Ciurcu, (1854 - 1922), Romania - Reaction engineGeorges Claude, (1870 - 1960), France - neon lampHenri Coandă, (1886 - 1972), Romania - Jet engineJosephine Cochrane, (1839 - 1913), U.S. - dishwasherChristopher Cockerell, (1910 - 1999), UK - HovercraftAeneas Coffey, (1780 - 1852), Ireland - heat exchanger, Coffey stillSamuel Colt, (1814 - 1862), U.S. - RevolverGeorge Constantinescu, (1881 - 1965), Romania - Interrupter gearLloyd Groff Copeman, (1865 - 1956), U.S. - Electric stoveCornelis Corneliszoon, (1550 - 1607), The Netherlands - sawmillJacques Cousteau, (1910 - 1997), France - co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater cameraThomas Crapper, (1836 - 1910), England - plumber.Bartolomeo Cristofori, (1655 - 1731), Italy - pianoJános Csonka, (1852 - 1939), Hungary - co-inventor of carburetorNicolas-Joseph Cugnot, (1725 - 1804), France - first steam-powered road vehicleWilliam Cumberland Cruikshank, (1745 - 1800), UK - chlorinated waterWilliam Cullen, (1710 - 1790), UK - first artificial refrigeratorGlenn Curtiss, (1878 - 1930), U.S. - ailerons [edit] DGustaf Dalén, (1869-1937), Sweden - AGA cooker; Dalén light; AgamassanSalvino D'Armate, (?-?), Italy - credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284Jacob Davis, (1868-1908), U.S. - riveted jeansEdmund Davy, (1785-1857), Ireland - acetyleneHumphry Davy, (1778-1829), UK - Davy miners lampJoseph Day, (1855-1946), UK - the crankcase-compression two-stroke engineLee DeForest, (1873-1961), U.S. - triodeMiksa Deri (1854-1938), Hungary - co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformerJames Dewar, (1842-1923), UK - Thermos flaskWilliam Kennedy Laurie Dickson, (1860-1935), UK - motion picture cameraPhilip Diehl, (1847-1913), U.S. - Ceiling fan, electric sewing machineRudolf Diesel, (1858-1913), Germany - Diesel engineTaqi al-Din, (1526-1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey - steam turbine, smoke jack, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, mechanical alarm clock, spring-powered pocket watch measured in minutes, spring-powered astronomical clock measured in minutes and seconds, framed sextantAl-Dinawari, (828-896), Persia - more than a hundred plant drugsWilliam H. Dobelle, (1943-2004), United States - first functioning artificial eyeBryan Donkin, (1768-1855), UK - print industry composition rollerHub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmissionAnastase Dragomir, (1896-1966), Romania - Ejection seatKarl Drais, (1785-1851), Germany - dandy horse (Draisine)Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), The Netherlands - first navigable submarineRichard Drew, (1899-1980), U.S. - Masking tapeJohn Boyd Dunlop, (1840-1921) UK - first practical pneumatic tyreJames Dyson, (1947- ) UK - Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation. [edit] EGeorge Eastman, (1854-1932), U.S. - roll filmThomas Edison, (1847-1931), U.S. - phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, motion picture projector, stock ticker, etcWillem Einthoven, (1860-1927), The Netherlands - the electrocardiogramRune Elmqvist, (1857-1924), Sweden - implantable pacemakerDouglas Engelbart, (1925-), U.S. - the computer mouse [3]John Ericsson, (1803-1889), Sweden - the two screw-propellerLars Magnus Ericsson, (1846-1926), Sweden - the handheld micro telephoneOle Evinrude, (1877-1934), Norway - outboard motor [edit] FSamuel Face, (1923-2001), U.S. - concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning SwitchMichael Faraday, (1791-1867), England - electric transformerJohann Maria Farina, (1685-1766), Germany; Eau de ColognePhilo Farnsworth, (1906-1971), U.S. - electronic televisionMuhammad al-Fazari, (d. 796/806), Iraq or Persia - brass astrolabeSvyatoslav Fyodorov, (1927-2000), Russia - radial keratotomyJames Fergason, (1934-), U.S. - improved liquid crystal displayEnrico Fermi, (1901-1954), Italy - nuclear reactorHumberto Fernández Morán, (1924-1999), Venezuela - Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtomeReginald Fessenden, (1866-1932), Canada - two-way radioAdolf Eugen Fick, (1829-1901), Germany - contact lensFatima al-Fihri, (c. 859), Tunisia/Morocco - universityAbbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), (810-887), Islamic Spain - eye glasses, parachute, hang glider, artificial wings, controlled flight, watch, fused quartz and silica glass, artificial thunder and lightning, metronomeArtur Fischer, (1919-) Germany - fasteners including fischertechnik.Gerhard Fischer, Germany/U.S. - hand-held metal detectorAlexander Fleming, (1881-1955), Scotland - penicillinJohn Ambrose Fleming, (1848-1945), England - vacuum diodeSandford Fleming, (1827-1915), Canada - Universal Standard TimeTommy Flowers, (1905-1998), England - Colossus an early electronic computer.Jean Bernard Léon Foucault, (1819-1868), France - Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy currentBenoît Fourneyron, (1802-1867), France - water turbineJohn Fowler, (1826-1864), England - steam-driven ploughing engineBenjamin Franklin, (1706-1790), U.S. - the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonicaAugustin-Jean Fresnel, (1788-1827), France - Fresnel lensWilliam Friese-Greene, (1855-1921), England - cinematographyBuckminster Fuller, (1895-1983), U.S. - geodesic dome [edit] GDennis Gabor, (1900-1979), Hungary - holographyBoris Borisovich Galitzine, (1862-1916), Russia - Electromagnetic seismograph.Elmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), USA - foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")Richard J. Gatling, (1818-1903), U.S. - wheat drill, first successful machine gunHans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany - Geiger counterHenri Giffard, (1825-1882), France - powered airship, injectorHeinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany - first functional incandescent lampLeonid Gobyato, (1875-1915), Russia - first modern man-portable mortarRobert Goddard, (1882-1945), U.S. - liquid fuel rocketPeter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary - vinyl record (LP), CBS color televisionCharles Goodyear, (1800-1860), U.S. - vulcanization of rubberGordon Gould, (1920-2005), U.S. - co-inventor of laserRichard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England - ship's hull and riggingBette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), U.S. - Liquid PaperJames Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa - tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield techniqueChester Greenwood, (1858-1937), U.S. - thermal earmuffsJames Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland - Gregorian telescopeWilliam Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales - fuel cellOtto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany - vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeterHakan Gürsu, (c. 2007), Turkey - VolitanJohann Gutenberg, (c. 1390s-1468), Germany - movable type printing pressSamuel Guthrie, (1782-1848), U.S. - discovered chloroform [edit] HJohn Hadley, (1682-1744), England - OctantWaldemar Haffkine, (1860-1930), Russia/Switzerland - first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccinesTracy Hall, (1919-2008 ), U.S. - synthetic diamondChristopher Hansteen, (1783-1873), Norway - discovery of terrestrial magnetismJames Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England - spinning jennyJohn Harrison, (1693-1776), England - marine chronometerVictor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden - invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex cameraIbn al-Haytham (Alhazen), (965-1039), Iraq - camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass, concave and convex mirrors, spherical mirrorRobert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), U.S. - waterbedJozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia - the water pillarRudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany - the HellschreiberJoseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland/U.S. - electromagnetic relayHeron, (c. 10-70), Roman Egypt - aeolipileHeinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany - radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiationGeorge de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary - radioactive tracerRowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK - postage stampFelix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany - AspirinHerman Hollerith, (1860-1929), U.S. - recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cardsNick Holonyak, (1928- ), U.S. - LED (Light Emitting Diode)Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England - balance wheel, iris diaphragmErna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), U.S. - computerized telephone switching systemFrank Hornby, (1863-1936), England - invented MeccanoCoenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands - cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milkElias Howe, (1819-1867), U.S. - sewing machineMuhammad Husayn, (fl. 1600s), Persia - cartographic Qibla indicator with sundial and compassChristiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands - pendulum clockJohn Wesley Hyatt, (1837-1920), U.S. - celluloid manufacturing [edit] IIbn Yunus, (950-1009), Egypt - pendulumSumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan - nanotubesGavriil Ilizarov, (1921-1992), Russia - Ilizarov apparatus and distraction osteogenesis.János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary - noiseless match [edit] JJabir ibn Aflah (Geber), (c. 1100-1150), Islamic Spain - portable celestial globeJabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), (c. 721-815), Yemen/Persia - pure distillation, calcination, crystallization, filtration, liquefaction, purification, alembic, still, retort, mineral acids, nitric and sulfuric acids, uric and hydrochloric acids, aqua regia, alum, alkali, borax, pure sal ammoniac, lead carbonatic, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, pure mercury and sulfur, plated mail, artificial pearl and gemstone, lusterwareKarl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany - aeroplaneAl-Jazari, (1136-1206), Iraq - crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkageIbn Al-Jazzar (Algizar), (c. 898-980), Tunisia - sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugsGyörgy Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary - turbopropCarl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden - Gauge blocksJohan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden - the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spannerNancy Johnson, U.S. - American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843)Scott A. Jones, (1960-), U.S. - created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine.Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), U.S. - zipper [edit] KMikhail Kalashnikov, (1919-), Russia - AK-47 and AK-74 assault riflesDean Kamen, (1951-), U.S. - Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility DeviceHeike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands - liquify heliumJamshīd al-Kāshī, (c. 1380-1429), Persia - plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computerAbu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Naser ibn Saghir ibn Khalid al-Kaysarani, (c. 1154), Syria - striking clock, clock towerJohn Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfastsJohn George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary - co-inventor of BASICAlexander Kemurdzhian, (1921-2003), Russia - first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)Kerim Kerimov, (1917-2003), Azerbaijan and Russia - human spaceflight, space dock, space stationCharles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), U.S. - invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and moreKhalid, (fl. 800s), Ethiopia - coffeeFazlur Khan, (1929-1982), Bangladesh - structural systems for high-rise skyscrapersAl-Khazini, (fl. 1115-1130), Persia - hydrostatic balanceAbu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, (c. 940-1000), Persia - astronomical sextantMuhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi), (c. 780-850), Persia - modern algebra, mural instrument, quadrant, horary quadrant, sine quadrant, Quadrans Vetus, shadow squareJack Kilby, (1923-2005), U.S. - patented the first integrated circuitAl-Kindi (Alkindus), (801-873), Iraq/Yemen - ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysisFritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany - vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chlorideMargaret E. Knight, (1838-1914), U.S. - machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bagsIvan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Armenia/Russia - invented Nylon-6Robert Koch, (1843-1910), Germany - method for culturing bacteria on solid mediaWillem Johan Kolff, (1911-2009), Netherlands - artificial kidney hemodialysis machineRudolf Kompfner, (1909-1977), U.S. - Traveling-wave tubeSergey Korolyov, (1907-1966), Ukraine/Russia - invented R-7 rocket family, designed Sputniks (including first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), supervised Vostok program (including first human spaceflight)Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia - knapsack parachuteIvan Kulibin, (1735-1818), Russia - Elevator using screw mechanisms. Also invented an automobile that featured a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing.[1]Igor Kurchatov, (1903-1960), Russia - first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface shipsRaymond Kurzweil, (1948-), Optical character recognition; flatbed scannerStephanie Kwolek, (1923-), U.S. - KevlarJohn Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland - The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation [edit] LRené Laënnec, (1781-1826), France - stethoscopeLala Balhumal Lahuri, (c. 1842), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax castingGeorges Lakhovsky, (1869-1942), Russia - Multiple Wave Oscillator.Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and U.S. - Spread spectrum radioEdwin H. Land, (1909-1991), U.S. - Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land CameraSamuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), U.S. - bolometerIrving Langmuir, (1851-1957), U.S. - gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen weldingLewis Latimer, (1848-1928), - worked with Thomas Edison and patented an improved lightbulb manufacturing processGustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden - invented the milk separator and the milking machineJohn Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England - superphosphate or chemical fertilizerSergei Vasiljevich Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia - synthetic rubberTim Berners-Lee, (1955- ) England - World Wide WebAntoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands - development of the microscopeJean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium - internal combustion engine, motorboatR. G. LeTourneau, (1888-1969), U.S.- electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapersWillard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), U.S. - radiocarbon datingJustus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany - nitrogen-based fertilizerOtto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany - hang gliderFrans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden - Kerosene stove operated by compressed airHans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands - telescopeWilliam Howard Livens, (1889-1964), England - chemical warfare - Livens Projector.Alexander Lodygin, (1847-1923), Russia - Electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament.Oleg Losev, (1903-1942), Russia - Light-emitting diode.Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain - Pioneer of radio guidance systemsAuguste and Louis Lumière, France - CinématographeIgnacy Łukasiewicz, (1822-1882), Poland - modern kerosene lampGiovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) - self-propelled torpedoAli Kashmiri ibn Luqman, (fl. 1589-1590), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax casting [edit] MMa Jun, (c. 200-265), China - South Pointing Chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk loomsCharles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland - waterproof raincoat, life vestSake Dean Mahomet, (c. 1759), India - shampooDmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, (1896-1964), Russia - Maksutov telescopeAl-Ma'mun, (786-833), Iraq - singing bird automata, terrestrial globeGeorge William Manby, (1765-1854), England - Fire extinguisherGuglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy - radio telegraphyJohn Landis Mason, (1826-1902), U.S. - Mason jarsHenry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England - screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometerHiram Maxim, (1840-1916), USA born, England - First self-powered machine gunJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland - colour photographyAmmar ibn Ali al-Mawsili, (9th century), Iraq - syringe, hypodermic needle, cataract extraction, injection, suctionJohn McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland - improved "macadam" road surfaceElijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada - Displacement lubricatorHippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France - margarineDmitri Mendeleev, (1834-1907), Russia - Periodic table, pyrocollodion.Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy - telephone (prototype)Edouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France - pneumatic tyreAnthony Michell, (1870 - 1959), Australia - tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless enginePavel Molchanov, (1893-1941), Russia - Radiosonde.Jules Montenier, (c. 1910), U.S. - modern anti-perspirant deodorantMontgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France - hot-air balloonJohn J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), U.S. - heavier-than-air glidersNarcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain - steam powered submarineRobert Moog, (1934-2005), U.S. - the Moog synthesizerSamuel Morey, (1762-1843), U.S. - internal combustion engineGarrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), U.S. - inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal.Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), U.S. - telegraphIbn Khalaf al-Muradi, (fl. 1000s), Islamic Spain - geared mechanical clock, segmental gear, epicyclic gearingWilliam Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland - Gas lightingJozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia - inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)Al-Muqaddasi, (c. 946-1000), Palestine - restaurantBanū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800-873), Ahmad (803-873), Al-Hasan (810-873), Iraq - valve, float valve, feedback controller, automatic control, float chamber, mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, grab, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machinePieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands - Leyden jar, pyrometer [edit] NIbn al-Nafis, (1213-1288), Syria/Egypt - circulatory physiology, otolaryngology, theological novel, science fiction novelJohn Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland - logarithmsJames Naismith, (1861-1939), Canadian born, USA - invented basketball and American football helmetYoshiro Nakamatsu, (b. 1928), Japan - floppy disk, "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meterJames Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland - steam hammerNebuchadrezzar II, (c. 630-562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw, screwpumpJohn von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary - Von Neumann computer architectureIsaac Newton,(1642-1727), England - reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France - photographyJun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan - Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diodeAlfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden - dynamiteCarl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden - the blowtorch [edit] OTheophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden - the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculatorJ. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967), United States - Atomic bombHans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark - electromagnetism, aluminiumElisha Otis, (1811-1861), U.S. - passenger elevator with safety deviceWilliam Oughtred, (1575-1660), England - slide rule [edit] PLarry Page, (1973-), U.S. - with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engineHelge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden - the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gunDaniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada - ChiropracticLuigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy - seismometerAlexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England - celluloidCharles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British - steam turbineSpede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland - The ski jumping slingBlaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France - barometerLes Paul, (1915-), U.S. - Multitrack recordingNicolae Paulescu, (1869 - 1931), Romania - InsulinGustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden - the safety matchArthur Paul Pedrick, England - chromatically selective cat flap and othersJohn Pemberton, (1831-1888), U.S. - Coca-ColaSlavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia - mechanical pencilHenry Perky, (1843-1906), U.S. - Shredded wheatStephen Perry, England - rubber bandPeter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria - digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instrumentsFritz Pfleumer, (1881-1945), Germany - Magnetic TapeArthur Pitney, (1871-1933), United States - Postage meterJoseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium - phenakistiscope (stroboscope)Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden - refrigeratorJames Leonard Plimpton, U.S. - roller skatesPetrache Poenaru, (1799 - 1875), Romania - Fountain penChristopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden - the modern padlockIvan Polzunov, (1728-1766), Russia - first two-cylinder motorOlivia Poole, (1889-1975), U.S., - the Jolly Jumper baby harnessAlexander Stepanovich Popov, (1859-1906), Russia - Lightning detector.George Pullman, (1831-1897), U.S. - Pullman sleep wagonMichael I. Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia - pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillatorTivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary - telephone exchange [edit] RMario Rabinowitz, (1936-), U.S. - solar concentrator with tracking micromirrorsHasan al-Rammah, (fl. 1270s), Syria - purified potassium nitrate, explosive gunpowder, torpedoHarun al-Rashid, (763-809), Iraq/Persia - public hospital, medical schoolMuhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes), (865-965), Persia - distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap, kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, red lead, copper acetate, lead sulfide, zinc oxide, bismuth oxide, iron acetate, cinnabar, arsenic trioxide, sodium hydroxide, aludel, rose water, heated bath, funnel, sieveKarl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenolIra Remsen, (1846-1927), U.S. - saccharinRalf Reski, (* 1958), Germany - Moss Bioreactor 1998Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia - ship propellerCharles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), U.S. - Richter magnitude scaleHyman George Rickover, (1900-1986), U.S. - Nuclear submarineJohn Roebuck, (1718-1794) England - lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesisWilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany - the X-ray machineErnő Rubik, (1944-), Hungary - Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's ClockErnst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany - electron microscope [edit] SAlexander Sablukov, (1783-1857), Russia - centrifugal fanŞerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu, (1385-1468), Turkey - illustrated surgical atlasAndrei Sakharov, (1921-1989), Russia - invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, developed tokamaks for controlled nuclear fusionIbn Samh, (c. 1020), Middle East - mechanical geared astrolabeIbn Sina (Avicenna), (973-1037), Persia - thermometer, thermoscope, steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blockerAlberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil - non-rigid airship and airplaneThomas Savery, (1650-1715), England - steam engineAdolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium - saxophoneBela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary - diphtheria testChristian Schnabel (1878-1936), German - simplistic food cutleriesKees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands - Major contributor to development of Compact DiscAugust Schrader, U.S. - Schrader valve for Pneumatic tireDavid Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, - rigid ship, later called ZeppelinMarc Seguin, (1786-1875), France - wire-cable suspension bridgeSennacherib, (705-681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) - screw pumpIwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/U.S. - inventor of the Moviola for film editing.Mark Serrurier, (190?-1988), U.S. - Serrurier truss for Optical telescopesGerhard Sessler, (1931-), Germany - foil electret microphone, silicon microphoneAlexander Procofieff de Seversky, 1894-1974, Russia/United States of America - Air-to-air refuelingIbn al-Shatir, (1304-1375), Syria - astrolabic clock, compendium instrument, polar-axis sundial, compass dialShen Kuo, (1031-1095), China - improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tubePavel Schilling, (1780-1836), Estonia/Russia - first electromagnetic telegraphMurasaki Shikibu, (c. 973-1025), - novel, psychological novelFathullah Shirazi, (c. 1582), Mughal India - autocannon, multi-barrel gunAl-Sijzi, (c. 945-1020), Persia - heliocentric astrolabeWilliam Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), U.S. - co-inventor of transistorHenry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England - Shrapnel shell ammunitionSheikh Muszaphar Shukor, (b. 1972), Malaysia - cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in spaceVladimir Shukhov, (1853-1939), Russia - Shukhov cracking process, thin-shell structure, tensile structure, built one of the first pipelinesAugustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany/England - Inventor of the standard diving dressWerner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany - an electromechanical "dynamic"Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany - regenerative furnaceIgor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Russia/U.S. - helicopterCharles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary - Hungarian notationIsaac Singer, (1811-1875), U.S. - sewing machineElmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), U.S. - gyroscope-guided automatic pilotGeorge Stephenson, (1781-1848), England - steam locomotiveSimon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands - land yachtAurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbinesReverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland - Stirling engineLevi Strauss, (1829-1902), U.S. - blue jeansJohn Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England - airplaneAlmon Strowger, (1839-1902), U.S. - automatic telephone exchangeSu Song, (1020-1101), China - first chain driveSimon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada - inventor of MagneScribe and Magic SpicerSushruta, (600 BC), Vedic India - inventor of Platic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, RhinoplastyJoseph Swan, (1828-1914), England - Incandescent light bulbPercy Spencer, (1894-1970), U.S. - microwave ovenAbd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi), (903-986), Persia - timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabeRobert Swanson, (1905-1994), Canada - Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotivesLeó Szilárd, (1898-1964), Hungary/U.S. - Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project [edit] TSalih Tahtawi, (fl. 1659-1660), Mughal India - seamless globe and celestial globe, lost-wax castingIgor Tamm, (1895-1971), Russia - with Andrey Sakharov, developed first tokamakMardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi, (c. 1187), Middle East - counterweight trebuchet, mangonelBernard Tellegen, (1900-1990), Netherlands - pentodeEdward Teller, (1908-2003), Hungary - hydrogen bombNikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Serbian-Croatian-American - Tesla Coil, induction motor, wireless communicationEric Tigerstedt, (1887-1925), Finland - triode vacuum tubeKalman Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary - co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscopeBenjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), U.S. - sandblastingTipu Sultan, (1750-1799), India - iron-cased and metal-cylinder rocketAlfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia - the pedal radioFranc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia - electrical switches, accessories for opening windowsKonstantin Tsiolkovsky, (1857-1935), Russia - spaceflightMikhail Tsvet, (1872-1919), Russia - adsorption chromatographyIbn Tufail, (c. 1105-1185), Islamic Spain - philosophical novelNasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1201-1274), Persia - observatory, research instituteSharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī, (1135-1213), Persia - linear astrolabe [edit] ULewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada - long-lasting alkaline battery [edit] VTheophilus Van Kannel, (1841-1919), United States - revolving door (1888)Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States - developed the first sexual assault evidence kitAlessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy - batteryFaust Vrančić, (1551-1617), Croatia - parachute [edit] WBarnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England - bouncing bombRobert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland - microwave radarJames Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland - improved Steam engineThomas Wedgwood, (1771-1805), England - first (not permanent) photographJonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden - three-phase electrical powerGeorge Westinghouse, (1846-1914), U.S. - Air brake (rail)Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England - concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipherEli Whitney, (1765-1825), U.S. - the cotton ginFrank Whittle, (1907-1996), England - co-inventor of the jet engineOtto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia - invented modern contact lensesPaul Winchell, (1922-2005), U.S. - the artificial heartA. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), U.S. - high volume pumpGranville Woods, (1856-1910), U.S. - the Synchronous Multiplex Railway TelegraphWright brothers, Orville (1871-1948) and Wilbur (1867-1912) - U.S. - powered airplaneArthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England - creator of crossword puzzle [edit] YPavel Yablochkov, (1847-1894), Russia - Yablochkov candle.Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan - Yagi antennaKhalid ibn Yazid, (635-704), Syria/Egypt - potassium nitrateYi Xing, (683-727), ChinaArthur M. Young, (1905-1995), U.S. - the Bell HelicopterMuhammad Yunus, (b. 1940), Bangladesh - microcredit, microfinanceAbu Yaqub Yusuf, (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain - siege cannon [edit] ZAbu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), (936 - 1013), Islamic Spain - cosmetic dentistry, tooth bleaching, hair care, hair dye, solid lipstick, Hand cream and lotion, suntan lotion,[disambiguation needed] roll-on deodorant, epilepsy and seizure medications, nasal spray, topical cream, adhesive bandage and plaster, bone saw, catgut, cotton dressing and bandage, curette, retractor, sound, surgical spoon, surgical hook and rod, ligatureAbū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel), (1028-1087), Islamic Spain - almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabeNikolay Zelinsky, (1861-1953), Russia - the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the worldZhang Heng, (78-139), China - invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphereZheng He, (1371-1433), China - treasure shipZiryab, (789-857), Iraq/Syria/Tunisia/Spain - bangs, beauty parlour, cosmetology school, chemical depilatory, toothpaste, under-arm deodorant, three-course mealIbn Zuhr (Avenzoar), (1091-1161), Islamic Spain - general anaesthesia, general anaesthetic, oral anesthesia, inhalational anaesthetic, narcotic-soaked sponge, tracheotomy, parasitology, pharmacopoeiaKonrad Zuse, (22. June 1910 - 18. December 1995), Germany - invented the first Computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)Vladimir Zworykin, (1889-1982), Russia/U.S. - Iconoscope, kinescope. (MORE)