urinalysis

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More about Urinalysis: Purpose Precautions Preparation Aftercare Risks Normal results Abnormal results Resources

Definition

Urinalysis is a diagnostic physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of a urine sample (specimen). Specimens can be obtained by normal emptying of the bladder (voiding) or by a hospital procedure called catheterization.

Description

Collecting a urine sample from emptying the bladder takes about two or three minutes. The sample can be collected at home as well as in a doctor's office. Urine specimens are usually collected early in the morning before breakfast. Urine collected eight hours after eating and at least six hours after the most recent urination is more likely to indicate abnormalities. Some people may be asked to void into a clean container before getting out of bed in the morning.

The doctor or hospital will supply a sterile container for a specimen being collected for a colony count. A colony count is a test that detects bacteria in urine that has been cultured for 24–48 hours. It is used instead of a routine urinalysis when a patient's symptoms suggest a urinary tract infection. Nonsterile containers can be used for routine specimens that will not be tested immediately after being collected. An ordinary open-necked jar may be used after it and its lid have been soaked in very hot water for 15–20 minutes and then air-dried.

STORAGE. Urine specimens should not remain unrefrigerated for longer than two hours. A urine specimen that cannot be delivered to a laboratory within two hours should be stored in a refrigerator. The reason for this precaution is that urine samples undergo chemical changes at room temperature. Blood cells begin to dissolve and the urine loses its acidity.

VISUAL EXAMINATION. A doctor, nurse, or laboratory technician will look at the specimen to see if the urine is red, cloudy, or looks unusual in any way. He or she will also note any unusual odor.

TESTING TECHNIQUES. Urine samples are tested with a variety of different instruments and techniques. Some tests use dipsticks, which are thin strips of plastic that change color in the presence of specific substances. Dipsticks can be used to measure the acidity of the urine (its pH) or the presence of blood, protein, sugar, or substances produced during the breakdown of fatty acids (ketones). A urinometer is used to compare the density of the urine specimen with the density of plain water. This measurement is called specific gravity.

The urine specimen is also examined under a microscope to determine whether it contains blood cells, crystals, or small pieces of fibrous material (casts).

— Maureen Haggerty

Laboratory analysis of urine, used to aid in the diagnosis of disease or to detect the presence of a specific substance, such as an illegal drug.

[URIN(O)– + (AN)ALYSIS.]

Definition

A urinalysis is a group of manual and/or automated qualitative and semi-quantitative tests performed on a urine sample. A routine urinalysis usually includes the following tests: color, transparency, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, nitrite, urobilinogen, and leukocyte esterase. Some laboratories include a microscopic examination of urinary sediment with all routine urinalysis tests. If not, it is customary to perform the microscopic exam, if transparency, glucose, protein, blood, nitrite, or leukocyte esterase is abnormal.

Purpose

Routine urinalyses are performed for several reasons:

• general health screening to detect renal and metabolic diseases
• diagnosis of diseases or disorders of the kidneys or urinary tract
• monitoring of patients with diabetes

In addition, quantitative urinalysis tests may be performed to help diagnose many specific disorders, such as endocrine diseases, bladder cancer, osteoporosis, and porphyrias (a group of disorders caused by chemical imbalance). Quantitative analysis often requires the use of a timed urine sample. The urinary microalbumin test measures the rate of albumin excretion in the urine using laboratory tests. This test is used to monitor the kidney function of persons with diabetes mellitus. In diabetics, the excretion of greater than 200 μg/mL albumin is predictive of impending kidney disease.

Precautions

Voided Specimens

All patients should avoid intense athletic training or heavy physical work before the test, as these activities may cause small amounts of blood to appear in the urine. Many urinary constituents are labile, and samples should be tested within one hour of collection or refrigerated. Samples may be stored at 36–46°F (2–8°C) for up to 24 hours for chemical urinalysis tests; however, the microscopic examination should be performed within four hours of collection, if possible. To minimize sample contamination, women who require a urinalysis during menstruation should insert a fresh tampon before providing a urine sample.

Over two dozen drugs are known to interfere with various chemical urinalysis tests. These include:

• ascorbic acid
• chlorpromazine
• L-dopa
• nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Furadantin)
• penicillin
• phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
• rifampin (Rifadin)
• tolbutamide

The preservatives that are used to prevent loss of glucose and cells may affect biochemical test results. The use of preservatives should be avoided whenever possible in urine tests.

Description

Routine urinalysis consists of three testing groups: physical characteristics, biochemical tests, and microscopic evaluation.

Physical Tests

The physical tests measure the color, transparency (clarity), and specific gravity of a urine sample. In some cases, the volume (daily output) may be measured. Color and transparency are determined from visual observation of the sample.

Color

Normal urine is straw yellow to amber in color. Abnormal colors include bright yellow, brown, black (gray), red, and green. These pigments may result from medications, dietary sources, or diseases. For example, red urine may be caused by blood or hemoglobin, beets, medications, and some porphyrias. Black-gray urine may result from melanin (melanoma) or homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria, a result of a metabolic disorder). Bright yellow urine may be caused by bilirubin (a bile pigment). Green urine may be caused by biliverdin or certain medications. Orange urine may be caused by some medications or excessive urobilinogen (chemical relatives of urobilinogen). Brown urine may be caused by excessive amounts of prophobilin or urobilin (a chemical produced in the intestines).

Transparency

Normal urine is transparent. Turbid (cloudy) urine may be caused by either normal or abnormal processes. Normal conditions giving rise to turbid urine include precipitation of crystals, mucus, or vaginal discharge. Abnormal causes of turbidity include the presence of blood cells, yeast, and bacteria.

Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of urine is a measure of the concentration of dissolved solutes (substances in a solution), and it reflects the ability of the kidneys to concentrate the urine (conserve water). Specific gravity is usually measured by determining the refractive index of a urine sample (refractometry) or by chemical analysis. Specific gravity varies with fluid and solute intake. It will be increased (above 1.035) in persons with diabetes mellitus and persons taking large amounts of medication. It will also be increased after radiologic studies of the kidney owing to the excretion of x ray contrast dye. Consistently low specific gravity (1.003 or less) is seen in persons with diabetes insipidus. In renal (kidney) failure, the specific gravity remains equal to that of blood plasma (1.008–1.010) regardless of changes in the patient's salt and water intake. Urine volume below 400 mL per day is considered oliguria (low urine production), and may occur in persons who are dehydrated and those with some kidney diseases. A volume in excess of 2 liters (slightly more than 2 quarts) per day is considered polyuria (excessive urine production); it is common in persons with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Biochemical Tests

Biochemical testing of urine is performed using dry reagent strips, often called dipsticks. A urine dipstick consists of a white plastic strip with absorbent microfiber cellulose pads attached to it. Each pad contains the dried reagents needed for a specific test. The person performing the test dips the strip into the urine, lets it sit for a specified amount of time, and compares the color change to a standard chart.

Additional tests are available for measuring the levels of bilirubin, protein, glucose, ketones, and urobilinogen in urine. In general, these individual tests provide greater sensitivity; they therefore permit detection of a lower concentration of the respective substance. A brief description of the most commonly used dry reagent strip tests follows.

pH: A combination of pH indicators (methyl red and bromthymol blue) react with hydrogen ions (H⁺) to produce a color change over a pH range of 5.0 to 8.5. pH measurements are useful in determining metabolic or respiratory disturbances in acid-base balance. For example, kidney disease often results in retention of H⁺ (reduced acid excretion). pH varies with a person's diet, tending to be acidic in people who eat meat but more alkaline in vegetarians. pH testing is also useful for the classification of urine crystals.

Protein: Based upon a phenomenon called the "protein error of indicators," this test uses a pH indicator, such as tetrabromphenol blue, that changes color (at constant pH) when albumin is present in the urine. Albumin is important in determining the presence of glomerular damage. The glomerulus is the network of capillaries in the kidneys that filters low molecular weight solutes such as urea, glucose, and salts, but normally prevents passage of protein or cells from blood into filtrate. Albuminuria occurs when the glomerular membrane is damaged, a condition called glomerulonephritis.

Glucose (sugar): The glucose test is used to monitor persons with diabetes. When blood glucose levels rise above 160 mg/dL, the glucose will be detected in urine. Consequently, glycosuria (glucose in the urine) may be the first indicator that diabetes or another hyperglycemic condition is present. The glucose test may be used to screen newborns for galactosuria and other disorders of carbohydrate metabolism that cause urinary excretion of a sugar other than glucose.

Ketones: Ketones are compounds resulting from the breakdown of fatty acids in the body. These ketones are produced in excess in disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, especially Type 1 diabetes mellitus. In diabetes, excess ketoacids in the blood may cause life-threatening acidosis and coma. These ketoacids and their salts spill into the urine, causing ketonuria. Ketones are also found in the urine in several other conditions, including fever; pregnancy; glycogen storage diseases; and weight loss produced by a carbohydrate-restricted diet.

Blood: Red cells and hemoglobin may enter the urine from the kidney or lower urinary tract. Testing for blood in the urine detects abnormal levels of either red cells or hemoglobin, which may be caused by excessive red cell destruction, glomerular disease, kidney or urinary tract infection, malignancy, or urinary tract injury.

Bilirubin: Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Most of the bilirubin produced in humans is conjugated by the liver and excreted into the bile, but a very small amount of conjugated bilirubin is reabsorbed and reaches the general circulation to be excreted in the urine. The normal level of urinary bilirubin is below the detection limit of the test. Bilirubin in the urine is derived from the liver, and a positive test indicates hepatic disease or hepatobiliary obstruction.

Specific gravity: Specific gravity is a measure of the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine by conserving water.

Nitrite: Some disease bacteria, including the lactose-positive Enterobactericeae, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas are able to reduce nitrate in urine to nitrite. A positive test for nitrite indicates bacteruria, or the presence of bacteria in the urine.

Urobilinogen: Urobilinogen is a substance formed in the gastrointestinal tract by the bacterial reduction of conjugated bilirubin. Increased urinary urobilinogen occurs in prehepatic jaundice (hemolytic anemia), hepatitis, and other forms of hepatic necrosis that impair the circulation of blood in the liver and surrounding organs. The urobilinogen test is helpful in differentiating these conditions from obstructive jaundice, which results in decreased production of urobilinogen.

Leukocytes: The presence of white blood cells in the urine usually signifies a urinary tract infection, such as cystitis, or renal disease, such as pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis.

Microscopic Examination

A urine sample may contain cells that originated in the blood, the kidney, or the lower urinary tract. Microscopic examination of urinary sediment can provide valuable clues regarding many diseases and disorders involving these systems.

The presence of bacteria or yeast and white blood cells helps to distinguish between a urinary tract infection and a contaminated urine sample. White blood cells are not seen if the sample has been contaminated. The presence of cellular casts (casts containing RBCs, WBCs, or epithelial cells) identifies the kidneys, rather than the lower urinary tract, as the source of such cells. Cellular casts and renal epithelial (kidney lining) cells are signs of kidney disease.

The microscopic examination also identifies both normal and abnormal crystals in the sediment. Abnormal crystals are those formed as a result of an abnormal metabolic process and are always clinically significant. Normal crystals are formed from normal metabolic processes; however, they may lead to the formation of renal calculi, or kidney stones.

Preparation

A urine sample is collected in an unused disposable plastic cup with a tight-fitting lid. A randomly voided sample is suitable for routine urinalysis, although the urine that is first voided in the morning is preferable because it is the most concentrated. The best sample for analysis is collected in a sterile container after the external genitalia have been cleansed using the midstream void (clean-catch) method. This sample may be cultured if the laboratory findings indicate bacteruria.

To collect a sample using the clean-catch method:

• Females should use a clean cotton ball moistened with lukewarm water (or antiseptic wipes provided with collection kits) to cleanse the external genital area before collecting a urine sample. To prevent contamination with menstrual blood, vaginal discharge, or germs from the external genitalia, they should release some urine before beginning to collect the sample.
• Males should use a piece of clean cotton moistened with lukewarm water or antiseptic wipes to cleanse the head of the penis and the urethral meatus (opening). Uncircumcised males should draw back the foreskin. After the area has been thoroughly cleansed, they should use the midstream void method to collect the sample.
• For infants, a parent or health care worker should cleanse the baby's outer genitalia and surrounding skin. A sterile collection bag should be attached to the child's genital area and left in place until he or she has urinated. It is important to not touch the inside of the bag, and to remove it as soon as a specimen has been obtained.

Urine samples can also be obtained via bladder catheterization, a procedure used to collect uncontaminated urine when the patient cannot void. A catheter is a thin flexible tube that a health care professional inserts through the urethra into the bladder to allow urine to flow out. To minimize the risk of infecting the patient's bladder with bacteria, many clinicians use a Robinson catheter, which is a plain rubber or latex tube that is removed as soon as the specimen is collected. If urine for culture is to be collected from an indwelling catheter, it should be aspirated (removed by suction) from the line using a syringe and not removed from the bag in order to avoid contamination.

Suprapubic bladder aspiration is a collection technique sometimes used to obtain urine from infants younger than six months or urine directly from the bladder for culture. The doctor withdraws urine from the bladder into a syringe through a needle inserted through the skin.

Aftercare

The patient may return to normal activities after collecting the sample and may start taking any medications that were discontinued before the test.

Risks

There are no risks associated with voided specimens. The risk of bladder infection from catheterization with a Robinson catheter is about 3%.

Normal Results

Normal urine is a clear straw-colored liquid, but may also be slightly hazy. It has a slight odor, and some laboratories will note strong or atypical odors on the urinalysis report. A normal urine specimen may contain some normal crystals as well as squamous or transitional epithelial cells from the bladder, lower urinary tract, or vagina. Urine may contain transparent (hyaline) casts, especially if it was collected after vigorous exercise. The presence of hyaline casts may be a sign of kidney disease, however, when the cause cannot be attributed to exercise, running, or medications. Normal urine contains a small amount of urobilinogen, and may contain a few RBCs and WBCs. Normal urine does not contain detectable amounts of glucose or other sugars, protein, ketones, bilirubin, bacteria, yeast cells, or trichomonads. Normal values used in many laboratories are given below:

• Glucose: negative (quantitative less than 130 mg/day or 30 mg/dL).
• Bilirubin: negative (quantitative less than 0.02 mg/dL).
• Ketones: negative (quantitative 0.5–3.0 mg/dL).
• pH: 5.0–8.0.
• Protein: negative (quantitative 15–150 mg/day, less than 10 mg/dL).
• Blood: negative.
• Nitrite: negative.
• Specific gravity: 1.015–1.025.
• Urobilinogen: 0–2 Ehrlich units (quantitative 0.3–1.0 Ehrlich units).
• Leukocyte esterase: negative.
• Red blood cells: 0–2 per high power field.
• White blood cells: 0–5 per high power field (0–10 per high power field for some standardized systems).

Resources

Books

Chernecky, Cynthia C, and Barbara J. Berger. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company, 2001.

Henry, J.B. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001.

Kee, Joyce LeFever. Handbook of Laboratory and DiagnosticTests, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.

Wallach, Jacques. Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests, 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkens, 2000.

Organizations

American Association of Kidney Patients. 100 S. Ashley Drive, Suite 280, Tampa, FL 33260. (800) 749-2257. www.aakp.org.

American Kidney Fund. 6110 Executive Blvd., Suite 1010, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 881-3052. www.akfinc.org.

American Medical Technologists. 710 Higgins Road, Park Ridge, IL 60068-5765. (847) 823-5169. www.amt1.com.

American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP). 2100 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Il 60612-3798. (312) 738-1336. www.ascp.org.

National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 3 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3580.

Other

National Institutes of Health. www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html [cited April 4, 2003].

— Victoria E. DeMoranville Mark A. Best

Laboratory examination of urine. Urine is a filtrate of the blood and is produced in the kidneys. It is a reflection of the metabolic activity of the body; conditions that affect the normal homeostatic mechanisms are often revealed by a careful analysis of the composition of the urine. Modern routine urinalysis can be divided into two basic procedures: macroscopic and chemical examination, and microscopic analysis.

Macroscopic and chemical examination

Macroscopic examination includes noting the color and clarity of the urine. Normal urine is pale yellow or straw colored and is usually transparent or clear; abnormal urine may vary greatly in color and may show varying degrees of cloudiness. The specific gravity of urine, that is, the ratio of the weight of a volume of urine to that of the same volume of water, is measured routinely. Specific gravity is an indicator of the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute the urine and thus of renal tubular function. The normal range is 1.003–1.032.

Most routine chemical urinalysis is now carried out by dipstick testing, which involves the use of plastic strips, or dipsticks, bearing pads embedded with chemical reactants and color indicators. The reaction of each pad represents a separate chemical test for a specific product in the urine. Dipstick testing includes the following categories: protein, glucose, ketone bodies, blood, and bile. See also Protein.

Microscopic examination

The urine normally contains a wide variety of formed elements that can be identified by using a light microscope. Together these elements form the urinary sediment.

Cells in the urine originate in the bloodstream or in the epithelium lining the urinary tract. The main types of epithelial cells are renal tubular cells, transitional (urothelial) cells, and squamous cells. All three types occur in relatively small numbers in the normal sediment. Blood cells occur normally in the urine in small numbers, and consist mainly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (a type of granular leukocyte) and red blood cells.

Casts, proteinaceous products of the kidney, are of major importance when present in increased numbers or seen in abnormal forms, because they usually indicate intrinsic renal disease. Casts are cylindrical and are named on the basis of their microscopic appearance and the cells they contain.

Normally, urine is sterile, and the urinary sediment should not contain microorganisms. However, in patients with serious urinary tract infections, microorganisms are usually present in the urine in considerably greater numbers. See also Clinical pathology.

Mucus is frequently found in urine sediment and has no known pathologic significance. A wide variety of crystals appear in the urine; their presence may be normal or may indicate an abnormal state. See also Kidney; Kidney disorders.

A physical, microscopic, and chemical diagnostic examination of urine. Abnormal constituents indicate disease and can include ketone bodies, protein, bacteria, blood, glucose, pus, and certain types of crystals.

Urinalysis is an important test used in diagnosing diseases of the genitourinary tract. Urine is examined for pH and specific gravity by chemical and direct microscopic methods. The presence and concentration of various chemicals such as proteins, ketones, bilirubin, glucose, and nitrite are measured. Chemical metabolites also may be screened through urinalysis. In urinalysis, microscopic examination is performed to quantify the cellular urinary components, including red and white blood cells, fungi, and bacteria. The presence and concentration of cellular components, combined with the results of chemical analyses, give important clues for diagnosis of genitourinary diseases.

(SEE ALSO: Genitourinary Disease; Urine Cytology; Urine Dipstick)

— BIJAN SHEKARRIZ; MARSHALL L. STOLLER

For more information on urinalysis, visit Britannica.com.

The laboratory examination of a urine sample to test for the presence of bacteria or chemicals such as sugar and alcohol.

Analysis of the urine as an aid in the diagnosis of disease. Many types of tests are used in analyzing the urine in order to determine whether it contains abnormal substances indicative of disease. The most significant substances normally absent from urine and detected by urinalysis are protein, glucose, acetone, blood, pus and casts. Some renal function tests are based on clearance of metabolites into the urine. Urea clearance test is the most efficient.

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)

White blood cells seen under a microscope from a urine sample.

A urinalysis (or "UA") is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis.^[1] A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine dipsticks, in which the test results can be read as color changes.

Contents 1 Medical urinalysis 1.1 Microscopic examination 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Medical urinalysis

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A typical medical urinalysis usually includes:

• a description of color and appearance.
• specific gravity - normally 1.010 to 1.030. This test detects ion concentration of the urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate results of the specific gravity.
• pH - normally 4.8 to 7.5.
• ketone bodies - normally negative (absent)
• protein - normally negative (absent)
• nitrites
• urobilinogen
• bilirubin
• glucose - normally negative (absent)
• RBC number
• WBC number
• hCG - normally absent, this hormone appears in the urine of pregnant women. Home pregnancy tests commonly detect this substance.

Microscopic examination

A urine sample is about to be examined under a phase-contrast microscope using a Neubauer counting chamber. The urine is under the cover slide, in the upper segment formed by the H-shaped grooves.

The numbers and types of cells and/or material such as urinary casts can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.

• Hematuria - associated with kidney stones, infections, tumors and other conditions
• Pyuria - associated with urinary infections
• eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, atheroembolic disease
• Red blood cell casts - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, malignant hypertension
• White blood cell casts - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis
• (heme) granular casts - associated with acute tubular necrosis
• crystalluria -- associated with acute urate nephropathy (or "Acute uric acid nephropathy", AUAN)
• calcium oxalate - associated with ethylene glycol toxicity

See also

• Uroscopy, the ancient form of this analysis
• Medical technologist
• Urinary casts
• Proteinuria
• Urine test strip

References

1. ^ Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ (March 2005). "Urinalysis: a comprehensive review". American family physician 71 (6): 1153–62. PMID 15791892. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050315/1153.html. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Urinalysis

• Lab Tests Online: Urinalysis

v • d • e Reference range, Urine tests Protein Albumin · Myoglobin · hCG · Leukocyte esterase Small molecules Ketone bodies · Glucose · Urobilinogen · Bilirubin · Creatinine Blood cells RBC · WBC Chemical properties Urine specific gravity · Urine osmolality · pH · Urine anion gap Other Urinary casts see also reference ranges for urine tests

v • d • e Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings (R70-R94, 790-796) Blood test Red blood cells Size Macrocyte · Microcyte · Anisocytosis Shape (Poikilocyte) membrane abnormalities: Acanthocyte · Codocyte · Ovalocyte · Spherocyte trauma: Dacrocyte · Schistocyte Inclusion bodies developmental organelles (Howell-Jolly body, Basophilic stippling, Pappenheimer bodies, Cabot rings) abnormal hemoglobin precipitation (Heinz body) Other Rouleaux · Reticulocyte · Elevated ESR White blood cells Smudge cell · Downey cell Small molecules blood sugar: Abnormal glucose tolerance test · Hyperglycemia · Impaired glucose tolerance · Prediabetes nitrogenous: Azotemia · Hyperuricemia · Hypouricemia Proteins Elevated transaminases · Elevated alkaline phosphatase · Cardiac marker · Elevated alpha-fetoprotein Minerals Iron overload disorder Pathogens/sepsis Bacteremia · Viremia · Fungemia · Parasitemia Urine test/ Urination disorder Red blood cells Hematuria White blood cells Eosinophiluria Proteinuria Albuminuria/Microalbuminuria · Myoglobinuria · Hemoglobinuria Small molecules Glycosuria · Ketonuria · Bilirubinuria · Hyperuricosuria · Hypouricosuria Pathogens Bacteriuria Other Chyluria  · Crystalluria Other Abnormal basal metabolic rate · Latent tuberculosis

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - urinanalyse

Nederlands (Dutch)
urineonderzoek

Français (French)
n. - analyse d'urine

Deutsch (German)
n. - Harnanalyse

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - ανάλυση ούρων

Italiano (Italian)
analisi delle urine

Português (Portuguese)
n. - análise da urina (f)

Русский (Russian)
анализ мочи

Español (Spanish)
n. - análisis de orina

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - urinundersökning

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
尿分析, 验尿

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 尿分析, 驗尿

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 소변 검사

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 尿検査, 検尿, 尿分析

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) تحليل البول‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮בדיקת שתן‬

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