 USS Houston off San Diego, California, in October 1935, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on board. |
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| Career |  |
|---|---|
| Laid down: | May 1, 1928 |
| Launched: | September 7, 1929 |
| Commissioned: | June 17, 1930 |
| Nickname: | "Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast" |
| Fate: | Sunk in the Battle of Sunda Strait, March 1, 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement: | 9,050 tons |
| Length: | 600 ft 3 in (183.0 m) |
| Beam: | 66 ft 1 in (20.1 m) |
| Draft: | 16 ft 4 in (5.0 m) |
| Propulsion: | • Steam turbines • 8 Boilers • 4 Shafts • 107,000 shp (80 MW) |
| Speed: | 33 knots (61 km/h) |
| Complement: | 1,020–1,155 officers and enlisted |
| Armament: | As built: • 9 × 8 in (203 mm) guns (3×3), • 4 × 5 in (127 mm)[1] guns (4×1), • 8 × 50 cal machine guns (8×1), • 6 × 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes |
| Aircraft carried: | 4 aircraft, 2 catapults |
USS Houston (CA-30) (originally designated CL-30), nicknamed the "Galloping Ghost of the Java Coast", was a Northampton-class heavy cruiser of the United States Navy. She was the second Navy ship to bear the name "Houston."
She was launched by Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia on September 7, 1929, sponsored by Elizabeth Holcombe (daughter of Oscar Holcombe, then-mayor of Houston, Texas), and commissioned as CL-30 on 17 June 1930, Captain Jesse Bishop Gay commanding. Her designation was changed to CA-30 on 1 July 1931.
Contents |
Service history
Inter-war period
After conducting shakedown cruise in the Atlantic Houston returned to the United States in October 1930. She then visited her namesake city Houston, Texas, and joined the fleet at Hampton Roads. Steaming to New York, the cruiser departed on 10 January 1931 for the Pacific, and after stopping at the Panama Canal and the Hawaiian Islands arrived Manila on 22 February 1931. Houston became flagship of the Asiatic Fleet upon arrival, and for the next year participated in training operations in the troubled Far East.
With the outbreak of war between China and Japan in 1931, the Houston got underway on 31 January for Shanghai to protect American lives and property. She landed Marine and Navy gun platoons to help stabilize the situation and remained in the area, with the exception of a good will cruise to the Philippines in March and one to Japan in May 1933, until being relieved by Augusta on 17 November 1933. The cruiser sailed to San Francisco to join the Scouting Force, and for the years preceding World War II participated in Fleet Problems and maneuvers in the Pacific.
Presidential flagship
During this period, Houston made several special cruises. President Roosevelt came onboard on 1 July 1934 at Annapolis, Maryland, for a cruise of almost 12,000 miles (22,000 km) through the Caribbean and to Portland, Oregon, by way of Hawaii. Houston also carried Assistant Secretary of the Navy Henry L. Stimson on a tour of the Hawaiian Islands, returning to San Diego on 15 May 1935.
After a short cruise in Alaskan waters, the cruiser returned to Seattle and embarked the President again on 3 October 1935 for a vacation cruise to the Cerros Islands, Magdalena Bay, Cocos Islands, and Charleston, South Carolina. Houston also celebrated the opening of the Golden Gate Bridge at San Francisco on 28 May 1937, and carried President Roosevelt for a Fleet Review at the same city on 14 July 1938.
Houston became flagship of the U.S. Fleet on 19 September 1938, when Rear Admiral Claude C. Bloch brought his flag on board her, and maintained that status until 28 December, when she returned to the Scouting Force. Continuing the now-familiar routine of training exercises, she got underway for Fleet Problem XX, on 4 January 1939 from San Francisco, sailed to Norfolk and Key West, and there embarked the President and the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William D. Leahy, for the duration of the problem. She arrived Houston, Texas on 7 April for a brief visit before returning to Seattle, where she arrived 30 May.
Assigned as flagship Hawaiian Detachment, the cruiser arrived Pearl Harbor after her post-overhaul shakedown on 7 December 1939, and continued in that capacity until returning to Mare Island on 17 February 1940. Sailing to Hawaii, she departed 3 November for the Philippine Islands as the world situation grew darker. Arriving Manila on 19 November 1940, she became flagship of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, Commander Asiatic Fleet.
World War II
As the war crisis deepened, Admiral Hart deposed his fleet in readiness. On the night of the Pearl Harbor attack, Houston got underway from Panay Island with fleet units bound for Darwin, Australia, where she arrived on 28 December 1941 by way of Balikpapan and Surabaya. After patrol duty she joined the American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) naval force at Surabaya.
Air raids were frequent in the area, and Houston's gunners shot down four planes in the Battle of Bali Sea on 4 February 1942 as Admiral Karel Doorman of the Royal Netherlands Navy took his force to engage a Japanese invasion convoy reported to be at Balikpapan. Houston took one hit, disabling her No. 3 turret, and Marblehead was so damaged that she had to be sent out of the battle area. Doorman was forced to abandon his advance.
Returning to Australia, Houston departed on 15 February with a small convoy to reinforce the garrison on Timor. Before the day was out, the group was forced to beat off numerous air attacks, and next morning the Japanese attacked in full force. During this defensive action, Houston distinguished herself by driving off nearly the entire raid without damage to her transports.
Battle of the Java Sea
Receiving word that the major Japanese invasion force was approaching Java protected by a formidable surface unit, Admiral Doorman resolutely determined to meet and seek to destroy the main convoy. Sailing on 26 February 1942 with Houston, HMAS Perth, HNLMS De Ruyter, HMS Exeter, HNLMS Java and 10 destroyers, he met the Japanese support force under Admiral Takeo Takagi consisting of 4 cruisers and 13 destroyers.
In the Battle of the Java Sea which followed, Doorman's forces fought valiantly, but were doomed by lack of air cover and communication difficulties. The ships met for the first time in the late afternoon, and as Japanese destroyers laid smoke, the cruisers of both fleets opened fire. After one ineffective torpedo attack, the Japanese light cruisers and destroyers launched a second at 17:00, this attack sinking HNLMS Kortenaer. HMS Exeter and Electra were hit by gunfire, Electra sustaining several hits and sinking shortly after, and at 17:30 Admiral Doorman turned south toward the Java coast, not wishing to be diverted from his main purpose: the destruction of the convoy itself.
With dogged fighting spirit, he dodged another torpedo attack and followed the coastline, during which time HMS Jupiter was sunk, either by mine or internal explosion. HMS Encounter was detached to pick up survivors from Kortenaer, and the American destroyers, their torpedoes expended, were ordered back to Surabaya. With no destroyer protection, Doorman's four remaining ships turned north again in a last gallant attempt to stop the invasion of Java.
At 23:00 the same night, the cruisers again encountered the Japanese surface group. On parallel courses the opposing units opened fire, and the Japanese launched a devastating torpedo attack 30 minutes later. De Ruyter and Java, caught in a spread of 12 torpedoes, exploded and sank, carrying their captains and Admiral Doorman down with them.
Battle of Sunda Strait
Before losing contact with Perth and Houston, Doorman had ordered them to retire. This was accomplished, but the next day the two ships steamed into Banten Bay, hoping to damage the Japanese invasion forces there. The cruisers were almost torpedoed as they approached the bay, but evaded the nine torpedoes launched by destroyer Fubuki.
The cruisers then sank one transport and forced three others to beach. A destroyer squadron blocked Sunda Strait, their means of retreat, and the heavy cruisers Mogami and Mikuma stood dangerously near. The resulting battle was foreordained, but Houston and Perth could not withdraw. Perth came under fire at 23:36 and in an hour had been sunk from gunfire and torpedo hits. Houston then fought alone until soon after midnight, when she took a torpedo and began to lose headway.
During this time, Houston's gunners scored hits on three different destroyers and sank a minesweeper, but suffered three more torpedo explosions in quick succession. Captain Albert Rooks was killed by a bursting shell at 00:30 and as the ship came to a stop Japanese destroyers moved in, machine gunning the decks. A few minutes later, Houston rolled over and sank, her ensign still flying. Of the original crew of 1,061, only 368 survived — including 24 of the 74-man USMC detachment.
Aftermath
Houston's fate was not fully known by the world for almost nine months, and the full story of her last fight was not told until after the war was over and her survivors were liberated from prison camps. Captain Rooks received posthumously the Medal of Honor for his extraordinary heroism. Houston Chaplain George S. Rentz was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross, the only Navy Chaplain to be so honored during World War II.
The crew of Houston is honored alongside that of Perth at the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia.
Awards
In addition to two battle stars, Houston was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.
Notes
- ^ Fahey 1941 p. 9.
See also
- The third Houston (CL-81) was a light cruiser, commissioned in 1943, crippled in October 1944, but saved after arduous efforts.
- The Houston Volunteers, 1,000 volunteers for U.S. Navy duty from Houston, Texas, intended to replace the sailors lost on Houston (CA-30).
- List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
References
- "Houston". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History & Heritage Command. http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h8/houston-ii.htm. Retrieved on 2009-03-20.
- Fahey, James C. (1941). The Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet, Two-Ocean Fleet Edition. Ships and Aircraft.
- Hornfischer, James D. (2006). Ship of Ghosts: The Story of the USS Houston, FDR's Legendary Lost Cruiser, and the Epic Saga of Her Survivors. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553803907. OCLC 69680190.
- Hornfischer, James D. (December 2006). "Street Fight in Sunda Strait". Naval History (Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Institute) 20 (6): 16–20. ISSN 1042-1920. OCLC 61312917.
- Schultz, Duane P. (1985). The Last Battle Station: the Story of the USS Houston. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312469733. OCLC 11444339.
- Winslow, Walter G. (1974). The Ghost of the Java Coast, Saga of the USS Houston. Satellite Beach, Florida: Coral Reef Publications. ISBN 9780914042006. OCLC 947862.
In fiction
- The Bridge on the River Kwai, the movie's character Commander Shears says he was on Houston when it sank.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: USS Houston (CA-30) |
- USS Houston homepage
- A Collection of Biographies and Photographs of those of Served aboard the USS Houston CA30 USS Houston Next Generation
- Navy photographs of Houston (CA-30)
- "Battle of Sunda Strait: 28 February-March 1, 1942 by Vincent P. O'Hara". http://www.microworks.net/pacific/battles/sunda_strait.htm. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.
This article includes text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
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