The ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky (1890-1953) electrified his audiences with a virtuosity directly related to the characterizations he forged by the genius of his imagination. Although his dancing and choreographic career was short, he remains a symbol of human artistic achievement.

Vaslav Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Ukraine, on March 12, 1890 (some sources say 1888, others 1899). The Nijinsky children accompanied their Polishborn, academy-trained mother and father, Eleonora and Thomas, on the tours that featured their parents' character dances in Russian opera houses, concert halls, summer theaters, and circuses.

Vaslav's sister, Bronislava, younger by three years, had kept notes almost from the time she could write. She worked closely with Vaslav during the years he was the dazzling star of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and she a member of the company (she was later to choreograph numerous distinguished ballets, among them Les Noces - 1923 - and Les Biches - 1924). A brother, Stanislas, two years older than Vaslav, succumbed to mental illness in early adolescence.

In her book, Early Memoirs (1981), Bronislava describes the young Vaslav as lively, mischievous, and adventurous. He would stand on the knobs of a door and swing side to side with it, and could bounce just as high and forcefully as a rubber ball, and would sneak off to a nearby gypsy camp to enjoy and imitate the action he saw there.

Introduction to the Ballet

At the age of ten Vaslav was brought to the Imperial Ballet School in St. Petersburg by his parents. He was auditioned and accepted for both academic and ballet training. He was soon recognized as "remarkable" by his ballet teacher, N. Legat, although he was considered not very bright academically, except in geometry. Diaghilev's scenic artist, Alexandre Benois, in his Reminiscenses of the Russian Ballet writes of Nijinsky a few years later as being "a short, rather thick-set little fellow with the most ordinary colourless face."

In 1908 Vaslav was graduated from the Imperial School with honors and a few months later was partnering leading ballerinas on the stage of the Imperial Theatre in St. Petersburg. It was at this time that he met Sergei Diaghilev, 18 years his senior, and became his protegé and lover. In the summer of 1909 Diaghilev brought a group of Russian dancers to Paris for a brief season, with Vaslav dancing the lead roles in the Fokine ballets Pavillon d'Armide, Les Sylphides, Prince Igor, and Cleopatre. The response to the company was spectacular, the success of Nijinsky dazzling. Again on leave for a season in 1910, the troupe brought Scheherazade and Carnavalto Paris. The company with its brilliant music, decor, and dance was wildly acclaimed, and Nijinsky was adored. Back in St. Petersburg, Nijinsky was dismissed from the Imperial Theatre when he refused to wear trunks over his tights in an appearance with Tamara Karsavina in Giselle. Diaghilev then determined to set up a permanent company in the West.

From 1911 through 1913 the Diaghilev Ballets Russes was met with overwhelming enthusiasm throughout Europe. Nijinsky danced Le Spectre de la Rose and, encouraged by Diaghilev, made his first attempt at choreography with L'apres-midi d'un Faune. In 1913, still as lead dancer, he also choreographed Le Sacre du Printemps and Jeux, both controversial and breaking the molds of classic ballet. His dancing remained extraordinary. Marie Rambert, who worked with Nijinsky in the Jaques-Dalcroze method, made vital comment about his dancing in Quicksilver (1972): " … One is often asked whether his jump was really as high as it is always described. To that I answer: I don't know how far from the ground it was, but I know it was near the stars. Who would watch the floor when he danced? He transported you at once into higher spheres with the sheer ecstacy of his flight."

Marriage Brings Dismissal from Ballets Russes

Sergei Diaghilev had a fierce fear of the sea and when later in 1913 the company left for a tour of South America he did not accompany it. On the boat trip Nijinsky became interested in a young Hungarian heiress, Romola, who was in the corps de ballet, and when they landed in Buenos Aires they were married.

Upon receiving the news of the marriage Diaghilev cabled Vaslav Nijinsky to inform him that he was dismissed from the company. Severed from his personal and professional ties with the ballet, the importance of Nijinsky as dancer and choreographer went into decline.

While he was active as a ballet dancer he electrified his audiences with protean performances and a virtuosity that was never exhibitionistic, but always related to the characterizations he forged by the genius of his creative imagination. As choreographer, also briefly, he provided a daring and exotic breakthrough into the 20th century.

His dancing was seen by relatively few audiences during the brief nine years of his professional dance activity, and there are no moving pictures of him. But there are photographs, and they are telling. Is it the same dancer who looks so unreal in The Spectre of the Rose, that grovels as the straw puppet in Petrouchka, that portrays the patrician Albrecht of Giselle and the sensuous harem slave of Scheherazade, the earthy Greek sculpture-come-to-life in Afternoon of a Faun? Each has a different weight, stance, movement, style.

Edwin Denby conveyed his keen observations of accents, counterforces, and relationships of body parts and assists us in seeing the nuance of the artist's superb gift of communication in his Notes on Nijinsky Photographs, which first appeared in an illustrated monograph edited by Paul Magriel (1946).

Mental Illness Ends Professional Life

In the spring of 1914 Nijinsky made an unsuccessful attempt to start his own company, and signs of mental illness began to appear. From 1914 to 1916 he was interred as a civilian prisoner of war in Austro-Hungary, his wife's country. In 1916 he rejoined the Diaghilev company and went with it to the United States with only tepid success. He tried another tour soon after with his own company, choreographing and dancing the lead role of Til Eulgenspiegel. There was still another brief tour in South America. Then came the end of his professional life.

He and Romola went to Switzerland, and for the next decade there was constant shifting from one clinic to another in the hope of finding a cure. Attempts to bring back his memory and interest in ballet were also futile. For the more than half of his life that remained - he died at the age of 60 - his mind and body were engulfed by a mental disease identified as schizophrenia. There was not a day of respite.

Romola Nijinsky's Life of Nijinsky, assisted by Lincoln Kirstein (1933), blames much on Diaghilev. Kirstein, who had never seen Nijinsky dance, was inspired by the photos. It was with Romola Nijinsky's help that he met George Balanchine, who then arranged to bring him to the United States. There was much scandal and controversy over the homosexual relationship with Diaghilev. Was it a Svengali situation? Was it that the artist needed the support of the sponsor? Would there have been no breakdown had there been no break with Diaghilev?

The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky (1968), edited by Romola Nijinsky, includes drawings made during the years in mental institutions and has painful-to-read recitations of what is called "Reflections on Life, Death, and Feelings" in which Vaslav identifies himself with God and calls out for peace and love.

Vaslav Nijinsky died in 1953 and is buried in Paris. Romola died in 1978. Daughter Kyra Nijinsky, born in 1914, painted many dance portraits of Vaslav, although she never saw her father dance. Daughter Tamara, born in 1920, worked with puppets.

Further Reading

Most of what we know about Nijinsky comes from the vast literature, diverse and often controversial, that perpetuates the legend of his greatness. Some of this was written by those who knew him, much by those who never saw him dance but fell in love with the legend and were inspired to investigate and share their discoveries. Nijinsky by Vera Krasovskaya (1974) includes additional background information with emphasis on the Russian elements of the dancer's life and training. Nijinsky by Richard Buckle (1971) provides a comprehensive account of casts, dates, descriptions, and details of negotiations based on definitive research and information from those who worked closely with him. The Denby essay is reprinted in the outsize Nijinsky Dancing, a compilation of over 100 photographs with brilliant text and commentary by Lincoln Kirstein (1975).

Additional Sources

Buckle, Richard., Nijinsky, Harmondsworth etc.: Penguin, 1975.

Nijinsky, New York: Schirmer books, 1979.

Nijinsky, Romola de Pulszky., Nijinsky and The last years of Nijinsky, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980.

Ostwald, Peter F., Vaslav Nijinsky: a leap into madness, Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group, 1996.

Parker, Derek., Nijinsky: god of the dance, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England: Equation; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Sterling Pub. Co., 1988.

For more information on Vaslav Nijinsky, visit Britannica.com.

Nijinsky, Vaslav (b Kiev, 12 Mar. 1889, d London, 8 Apr. 1950). Russian dancer and choreographer. The most famous dancer of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes and one of the towering figures of 20th-century ballet. He was the son of the Polish dancers Eleonora Bereda and Foma Nijinsky, and the brother of the choreographer Bronislava Nijinska. He studied at the Imperial Theatre School in St Petersburg (1898-1907), a student of Nikolai and Sergei Legat, and joined the Maryinsky Theatre upon graduation. Immediately successful, he partnered the company's top ballerinas—Kschessinska, Preobrajenska, and Karsavina—in his first season. There he was befriended by Diaghilev, who saw in the young dancer not only a potential lover but also someone to star in his Paris seasons of the Ballets Russes. Nijinsky enjoyed enormous public acclaim in Paris in Fokine's ballets. He created roles in his Cléopâtre, Les Sylphides, Scheherazade, Spectre de la rose, Narcisse, Petrushka, Le Dieu bleu, and Daphnis and Chloe. Audiences went wild for his amazing virtuosity (he could execute entrechats huit and was even known to do an entrechat dix), his exceptional elevation, and his exotic stage charisma. His versatility was impressive: he could be savagely sexual as the Golden Slave in Scheherazade, or dreamily romantic as the spirit in Spectre de la rose. In 1911 he was forced to leave the Maryinsky following a scandal over his costume for Giselle (a scandal some claimed was masterminded by Diaghilev). Now free to devote his energies to Diaghilev full-time, Nijinsky became not only the main attraction of the Ballets Russes, but also its choreographer, at Diaghilev's urging. The resulting ballets were among the most controversial in the entire history of ballet: L'Après-midi d'un faune (1912), Jeux (1913), and Le Sacre du printemps (1913). His choreography was a revolutionary break with tradition; like Fokine, his movements were moulded to reflect the different scenarios. In L'Après-midi d'un faune, steps were seen in profile like Greek friezes; in Le Sacre du printemps, the language of the body was turned in on itself, the dance was flat-footed and convulsive. The brazen modernity of his ballets, and the overt eroticism of Faune, provoked strong reactions from his audiences, but his notoriety was short-lived. While on tour in South America in 1913 Nijinsky married the Hungarian dancer Romola de Pulszky, an act which so infuriated Diaghilev that he immediately sacked Nijinsky. The break between the young dancer and his older impresario-lover marked the beginning of Nijinsky's decline into mental illness. He did attempt to launch a company of his own in 1914 but it failed after just two weeks at the Palace Theatre in London. When the First World War broke out he was in Budapest where he was interned as a Russian. In 1916 Diaghilev secured his release and Nijinsky joined the Ballets Russes for a North American tour, for which he choreographed Till Eulenspiegel. But signs of schizophrenia were already becoming evident. After several subsequent tours with the Ballets Russes, he moved to Switzerland in 1918 and entered a sanatorium in 1919. His last public performance was given on 19 Jan. 1919 in a St Moritz hotel ballroom; it was a solo recital called Marriage with God. The rest of his life was spent in and out of mental hospitals as his family travelled around Europe. He never danced again, although during his long confinement he worked on a system of dance notation. In 1947 his family moved to London, where he died of renal failure. He was buried in Montmartre cemetery. He was one of the greatest artists ballet has ever produced, a dancer of exceptional ability and magnetism. As a choreographer his contribution has recently been re-evaluated and he is now considered one of the forerunners of 20th-century modernism. Herbert Ross made a film about his life in 1980, while Béjart choreographed a ballet about him (see Nijinsky, clown de Dieu). The Diaries of Vaslav Nijinsky, written over a six-week period in 1919, were published in English in 1936 in a version heavily edited by Romola Nijinsky. In 1999 the unexpurgated version, edited by Joan Acocella, was published as The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky.

(1889 - 1950), Russian dancer and choreographer.

The most famous Russian male dancer, Vaslav Fomich Nijinsky was also a choreographer, though madness cut short his career. Nijinsky, like his colleague Anna Pavlova, achieved international fame through his appearances with Sergei Diagilev's Ballets Russes in Paris, beginning in 1909. Trained at the Imperial Theater School in St. Petersburg, Nijinsky joined the Imperial Ballet in 1907, but left the troupe in 1911, his international career already well established. Onstage, Nijinsky's somewhat sturdy frame became a lithe instrument of unprecedented lightness and elevation. Noted for seemingly effortless leaps, Nijinsky's photographs also reveal the dancer's uncanny ability to transform himself from role to role. Nijinsky's first choreography, for L'Après-midi d'un Faune (1912), to Debussy's music, scandalized Paris with its eroticism, though the ballet's true innovation lay in its turn from the virtuosity for which Nijinsky had become famous. Nijinsky's choreography for Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre du printemps (1913) went even farther in demonstrating the choreographer's disdain for the niceties of ballet convention and his embrace of primitivism. Asymmetrical and unlovely, the work was dropped from the Ballets Russes repertory after some nine performances.

Nijinsky, once the lover of Diagilev, married in 1913 and was dismissed from Diagilev's company. After itinerant and often unsuccessful performances during World War I, Nijinsky was diagnosed a schizophrenic in 1919. The remaining years of the great dancer's life were spent mostly in sanitoriums.

Bibliography

Buckle, Richard. (1971). Nijinsky. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Nijinsky, Vaslav. (1999). The Diary of Vaslav Nijinsky, tr. Kyril Fitz Lyon; ed. Joan Acocella. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux.

Ostwald, Peter. (1991). Vaslav Nijinsky: A Leap into Madness. New York: Carol.

—TIM SCHOLL

(vəsläf' nyĭzhēn'skē) , 1890–1950, Russian ballet dancer and choreographer; brother of Bronislava Nijinska. Nijinsky is widely considered the greatest dancer of the 20th cent. and was ballet's first modernist choreographer. He entered the Imperial Ballet School, St. Petersburg, in 1900 and made his debut in 1907. He traveled to Paris (1909) and, as premier danseur in Diaghilev's Ballet Russe, was the first to dance the leading roles in Petrouchka, Les Sylphides, Scheherazade, and The Spectre of the Rose, all choreographed by Fokine, and in ballets he himself choreographed—The Afternoon of a Faun (1912), The Rite of Spring (1913, for which Stravinsky composed the famous score), Jeux (1913), and Till Eulenspiegel (1916). Nijinsky developed a system of dance notation that was not deciphered until 1984; since then a number of his reconstructed ballets have been performed. Often considered the greatest male dancer of the 20th cent., Nijinsky was noted for his intensity and eroticism as well as for his superb technique, particularly his jeté and elevation. His relationship with Diaghilev was stormy, ending bitterly when the dancer married. In 1919, Nijinsky's career was abruptly terminated by disabling schizophrenia. He lived in retirement in England and Switzerland until his death.

Bibliography

See his 1919 diary, ed. by his wife, R. Nijinska (1936, rev. ed. 1963, unexpurgated tr. ed. by J. Acocella, 1998); biographies by R. Nijinska (1933 and 1952, repr. 1968) and R. Buckle (1971); studies by L. Kirstein (1975), B. Van Norman (1986), and M. Hodson (1996); catalog for the exhibition “Nijinsky: Legend and Modernist” (2000).

(ni-jin-skee, ni-zhin-skee)

A Russian ballet dancer, widely considered to have been one of the best male dancers of the twentieth century.

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