Venous blood

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Venous blood collected during blood donation.

In the circulatory system, venous blood is blood returning to the heart (in veins). With one exception (the pulmonary vein) this blood is deoxygenated and high in carbon dioxide, having released oxygen and absorbed CO₂ in the tissues. It is also typically warmer than arterial blood, has a lower pH, has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients, and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products.

Venous blood is obtained by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or in small quantities by fingerprick. Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gases.

Colour

Venous blood is dark red, not blue as it is often depicted in many medical diagrams.

Veins often look blue when seen through the skin, but this is due to Rayleigh scattering – venous blood itself is actually a dark red color (but looks purple through the opaque skin), while arterial blood is bright red.

The appearance of veins as dark blue is a wavelength phenomenon of light, having to do with the reflection of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is @ 0.02in deep or more. Deoxygenated blood is darker than oxygenated blood due to the difference in color between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin; the red color ultimately originates from the iron atom in heme. If blood is drawn for a medical test, the dark red color can be seen; however, if it is exposed to oxygen in the air, it will turn bright red like arterial blood.

Usage

Venous blood is used during stem cell donation.