vernier caliper

n.
A measuring instrument consisting of an L-shaped frame with a linear scale along its longer arm and an L-shaped sliding attachment with a vernier, used to read directly the dimension of an object represented by the separation between the inner or outer edges of the two shorter arms.

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The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: a caliper with a vernier scale for very fine measurements
  Synonym: vernier micrometer

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