Vichy

 

(vĭsh'ē, Fr. vēshē') , city (1990 pop. 28,048), Allier dept., central France, on the Allier River. Vichy's hot mineral springs have made it one of the foremost spas in Europe. In addition to bottled Vichy water, pharmaceuticals, clothing, and cosmetics are manufactured. The Vichy government was the regime set up there by Marshal Henri Pétain in July, 1940, subsequent to the Franco-German armistice of June 22. Its effective control extended only to unoccupied France and its colonies. The Third Republic was voted out of existence by a truncated parliament, and a new constitution established a corporate state (see fascism). The Vichy government, which was never recognized by the Allies, became a German tool in the hands of such men as Pierre Laval and Jean François Darlan, although German expectations were never completely satisfied. When the Allies invaded North Africa in Nov., 1942, Hitler annulled the armistice of 1940 and occupied all France. The Vichy government continued a shadowy existence, eventually fleeing before the Allied advance to Sigmaringen, Germany, where it collapsed when Germany surrendered in 1945.

Bibliography

See R. O. Paxton, Vichy France (1972).

For other uses, see Vichy (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 46°10′N, 3°24′E

Commune of Vichy Vichy town hall
Location
Coordinates	46°10′N, 3°24′E
Administration
Country	France
Region	Auvergne
Department	Allier (sous-préfecture)
Arrondissement	Vichy
Intercommunality	Communauté d'agglomération de Vichy Val d'Allier
Mayor	Claude Malhuret
Statistics
Land area¹	5.85 km²
Population² (1999)	26,528 (Vichyssois)
- Density	4,534.7/km² (1999)
Miscellaneous
INSEE/Postal code	03310/ 03200
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population sans doubles comptes: single count of residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel).

Vichy (Occitan: Vichèi) is a French commune, situated in the département of Allier and the région of Auvergne. It is known as a spa and resort town. The inhabitants are known as Vichyssois. It was the de facto capital of Vichy France during the World War II Nazi German occupation from 1940 to 1944. It has a population of 26,528 (1999).

Geography

Vichy lies on the banks of the Allier River. The source of the Allier is in the nearby Massif Central Mountain range which lies only a few miles to the south, near the region's capital Clermont-Ferrand. Heavy snows in the Massif Central often make roads impassable, but Vichy is low enough at 817 feet that climate is more Continental. Rainfall is moderate, averaging 30 inches annually.

Although the historical existence of volcanic activity in the Massif Central is more visually evident, such as in the towns of Le Puy-en-Velay, volcanic activity is the direct cause of the many thermal springs that exist in Vichy.

History

Roman Era

In 52 B.C., on returning from their defeat at the Battle of Gergovia by the Gallic legions of Vercingetorix, the Romans established a township at their crossing on the Flumen Elaver (Allier). These Roman settlers had acknowledged the therapeutic value of the Springs in the area and were eager to exploit them. During the first two centuries AD, Vichy was very prosperous because of these thermal springs.

At the end of the 3rd century, the Roman Emperor Diocletian undertook a vast administrative reorganization and land-survey. At that time the place name VIPIACUS first appeared (name of an agricultural field belonging to a certain VIPIUS) which, by phonetic evolution, became VICHIACUS, then VICHIET or VICHIER, and hence VICHY.

Middle Ages

On September 2, 1344, Jean II ceded the noble fiefdom of Vichy to Duke Pierre I of Bourbon. On December 6, 1374, the last part of Vichy was acquired by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. At that point Vichy was incorporated into the House of Bourbon. In 1410, a Celestinian monastery was founded with twelve monks. A building located above the Celestinian Spring is still visible.

In 1527, the House of Bourbon was incorporated into the French Kingdom. By the end of the 16th century, the mineral baths had obtained a reputation for having quasi-miraculous curing powers and attracted patients from the noble and wealthy classes. Government officials, such as Fouet and Chomel, began to classify the curing properties of the mineral baths.

Vichy's Thermal Baths - path to fame

The marquise de Sévigné, was a patient in 1676 and 1677 and would popularize Vichy's Thermal Baths through the written descriptions in her letters. The Vichy waters were said to have cured the paralysis in her hands, thus enabling her to take up the letter-writing for which she is most famous. In 1761 and 1762, Adélaïde and Victoire of France, the daughters of Louis XV, came to Vichy for the first time and returned in 1785. The Bath facilities seemed extremely uncomfortable to them because of the muddy surroundings and insufficient access. When they returned to Versailles, they asked their nephew Louis XVI to build roomier and more luxurious thermal baths, which were subsequently completed in 1787.

In 1799, Laetitia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, came to be cured with her son Louis. Under the Empire, Le Parque des Sources was arranged under the Emperor's orders. (Decree of Gumbinen of 1812).

Under Charles X, the great increase in patients wishing to be healed at the springs led to an expansion of the Hydrotheraputic facilities. Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte expanded the Janson buildings under the plan of Rose - Beauvais (work completed in 1830.) From 1844 to 1853, theatrical and poetry recitals were performed for the wealthy in the comfort of their own homes by Isaac Strauss.

Vichy in Style

By the 19th century, Vichy was a station à la mode, attended by many celebrities. But the stays of Napoleon III between 1861 and 1866 were to cause the most profound transformation of the city: dykes were built along the Allier river, 13 hectares (33 acres) of landscaped gardens replaced the old marshes, and along the newly laid out boulevards and streets, chalets and pavillions were built for the Emperor and his court. Recreational pursuits were not spared: in view of the Park, a large casino was built by the architect Badger in 1865. The emperor would be the catalyst of the development of a small rail station which multiplied the number of inhabitants and visitors by ten in fifty years.

After the Second French Empire, the Belle Époque marked the second large construction campaign in Vichy. In 1903 the Opera, the Hall of Springs and a large bath done in the eastern style were inaugurated. In 1900, the Parc des Sources was enclosed by a metal gallery which came from the World Fair of 1889. 700 meters (2,300 feet) long, it is decorated by a frise de chardons and was completed by the ironworker Emile Robert. Many private mansions with varied architectural styles were erected during the first half of the 20th century.

Vichy welcomed 40,000 curistes in 1900 and nearly 100,000 on just before the onset of the First World War. The thermal life had its apex in the Thirties. The success in treating health ailements attributed to the Vichy Baths led la Compagnie Fermière to enlarge the Baths again by creating the Callou and Lardy Baths. The Art Nouveau-style Opera, inaugurated in 1903, accommodated all the great names of the international scenes. Vichy became the summertime music capital of France, but the war of 1914 would put a brutal end to this development.

Vichy France - Seat of the État Français, the Nazi collaborationist Government

Full Article: Vichy France

Following the armistice signed on June 22, 1940, the zone which was not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State (État Français) (as opposed to the traditional name, République française or French Republic ) and set up its capital in Vichy on July 1, because of the town's relative proximity to Paris (4.5 hours by train) and because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time. Moreover, the existence of an ultramodern telephone exchange (the current hotel had only been built in 1935) made it possible to reach the whole world by a phone call.

On July 1, the government took possession of many hotels. 600 members of Parliament (Appointed members and Senators) would join Vichy for the meeting of the Chambers. On the 9th and 10th, in the room of the Opera, the members of Parliament voted for the end of the Third Republic. The republican system was abolished, and the French State, with Philippe Pétain at its helm as Head of State replaced it. Only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition. Starting from this date, Vichy would be, for more than four years, the capital of the French State. This government is often called the Vichy Regime. The preferred term is "Pétainist Regime" or "Regime of the French State." The term "Vichyste," which designates partisans of this regime, should not be confused with "Vichyssois" which designates the inhabitants of the city. The latter term is sometimes used erroneously to designate Pétain's supporters. The Vichy fascists also signed a decree outlawing rugby league in Vichy.

Reine des villes d'eaux

The Fifties and Sixties would be the most ostentatious period for Vichy, complete with parading personalities, visits from crowned heads (The Glaoui, the Pasha of Marrakech, Prince Rainier of Monaco) and profits from the massive arrival of North African French clients, who holidayed in Vichy spending lavishly. There were thirteen cinemas (which sometimes showed special previews), eight dance halls, and three theatres. It was at this period that the station would take the title of "Reine des villes d'eaux." From June to September, so many French-Algerian tourists were arriving that it almost seemed like there was an airlift set up between Vichy-Charmeil and the aerodromes of Algeria. Mayor Pierre Coulon (1950-1967) decided to create Lake Allier (June 10, 1963) and Omnisports Park (1963-68), giving the city its current look.

Decline

The war in Algeria, following decolonisation, marked once again a brutal halt in prosperity for the city, which from then on had to deal with much less favourable conditions. The need to continue to pay the debts incurred by the considerable investments that had been made in happier times obliged the new mayor Jacques Lacarin(1967-1989), successor of Pierre Coulon, to adopt a much more careful policy of management.

Modern Revival

Claude Malhuret, former Minister of Human Rights, born in Strasbourg in 1950, has been mayor since 1989. He and Bernard Kouchner are the cofounders of Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières.) The City and its economic partners started and concluded an important program of restoration and modernization. These projects include:

• Creation of vast pedestrian zone in the city center
• a program of modernization
• upgrading of hotels to the sector standards
• rebuilding and restoration of the thermal baths
• realization of a center for balneotherapy dedicated to wellbeing
• development of the architectural heritage
• realization of a center of congress within the old Casino
• restoration of the Opera.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Period	Identity	Party	Profession
since March 1989	Claude Malhuret	UMP	Doctor
September 1967 to March 1989	Jacques Lacarin		Doctor
August 1950 to August 1967	Pierre Coulon		Industrialist
April 1949 to July 1950	Pierre-Victor Léger		Pharmacist
May 1945 to April 1949	Louis Moinard		Trader
August 1944 to May 1945	Jean Barbier		Director of College
May 1929 to August 1944	Pierre-Victor Léger		Pharmacist
December 1919 to May 1929	Louis Lasteyras		Journalist
May 1912 to November 1919	Armand Bernard		Shareholder
May 1900 to May 1912	Louis Lasteyras		Journalist
21 May 1893 to 20 May 1900	Ferdinand Debrest		Pharmacist
15 May 1892 to 21 May 1893	Gabriel Nicolas		Lawyer
June 1879 to May 1892	Georges Durin		Lawyer
January to September 1878	Alfred Bulot		Lawyer
1876 to 1878	Antoine Jardet		Doctor
1874 to 1876	Ernest Jaurand		Doctor
1870 to 1874	Antoine Jardet		Doctor
15 September 1865 to 9 September 1870	Joseph Bousquet		Lawyer
7 May 1860 to 15 September 1865	Norbert Leroy		Notary
7 May 1857 to 7 May 1860	Antoine Guillermen		Hotel owner
20 August 1853 to 7 May 1860	Victor Noyer		Surgeon
August 1848 to 1853	Victor Prunelle		Doctor and Waters inspector
1843 to 1848	Claude Ramin-Prêtre		Hotel owner
1833 to 1842	Christophe Bulot		Shareholder
1831 to 1832	Louis Chaloin		Hotel master
1822 to 1831	Baron Lucas		Doctor and Waters inspector
26 October 1815 to 1822	Antoine Fouet
21 May 1815 to 26 October 1815	Jean-Joseph Gravier
17 March 1814 to 21 May 1815	Antoine Fouet
1809 to 10 March 1814	Godefroy de Bardon
29 March 1805 to 1809	Gilbert Chocheprat
November 1802 to 29 March 1805	Godefroy de Bardon
13 July 1800 to November 1802	Louis-Antoine Sauret
1798 to 1800	Jean-Joseph Gravier Du Monceau
1791 to 1795	Jean-Joseph Gravier Du Monceau
2 February 1790 to 13 November 1791	François-Claude Chocheprat

Source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/carteret/ Site essentiel sur la ville

Economy

The city has been known for its thermal cures since Roman times. Its waters are famous worldwide (coming from springs, including the Vichy Celestins and Vichy Saint-Yorre) but lozenges made from soda contained in the spring waters are also famous.

The health and beauty business, with the laboratories of the L'Oréal company, also make it possible to publicise the city's name to a worldwide audience under the Vichy brand. (This French website discusses the history of this brand.)

Unlike the neighbouring communes on the Allier, such as industrial Montluçon and administrative seat Moulins, Vichy's economy is centred on the tertiary sector and aims at the development of the health and well-being sector to mitigate the decline of medical hydrotherapy. The local market open on Sundays, attracts purchasers from tens of kilometers around.

The closing of two important local employers, Manurhin and Sediver, threatens employment in the Vichy basin. Job creation by developing companies such as NSE (electronics) or Satel (call centre) will not compensate for the removal of jobs which will result from this, despite the Internet tour operator Karavel (promovacances.com) establishing a new call centre in May 2005, which was forecast to create 300 jobs over 3 years.

Nevertheless, the three most important employers of the city belong to the public sector; the hospital (1120 employees), the town hall (720) and the college of Presles (370).

Since 1989 Vichy has been one of the 7 sites of the European Total Quality Institute (l'Institut Européen de la Qualité Totale .)

Pôle University and Lardy Technology, born from a project of thermal waste land rehabilitation and launched during the mid-nineties, is an economic priority. This 9,000 m² campus accommodates 600 students in the downtown area, in ten areas of study including the fields of biotechnology, international trade, multi-media and languages. The CAVILAM (Centre of Live Approaches to Languages and the Media), created in Vichy in 1964, is now installed with Pôle-Lardy.

The Palace of the congresses is a venue primarily for the conferences of trade associations and learned societies. The structure is 1,800 m² large, including two plenary rooms and fifteen multi-use rooms. With 25,000 visitors yearly, the conferences must now carry the economic role once held by the hydrotherapy, which today counts only 12,000 patients each year. The hydrotherapy business will now have to reorganise itself to take a less strict therapeutic-only role, and re-orient itself for patients' stays shorter than the traditional 3 weeks.

Current Building Projects

Currently, under the authority of the local communities, much work is being done on building sites and projects, which will deeply modify Vichy in the years to come. Some believe that construction by the Hotel of the Community of Agglomeration in September 2005 on the old site of the "Commercial City" may precede the total restoration of the market hall (which would cost €5.9 Million) which would be delivered in September 2006. Some also note the creation of a 12 000 m² mother-child centre in the hospital complex, the restoration of the spa façade (removal of the metal boarding to uncover the original style of 1862), the transformation of the spa into a multi-use center, creation of parks with fountains in place of parking lots, the demolition and the transformation of the buildings in a congested area to create an enterprise center intended to create 800 jobs (opening of the site envisioned at the end of 2007), the construction of a new aquatic stadium including 5 basins (initially envisaged to cost €14.3 million but may end up costing €20 Million) whose delivery is envisaged with the autumn 2007, and finally motorway connection in 2011.

This French website gives key economic figures for the Vichy area.

Miscellaneous

Births

Vichy was the birthplace of:

• Valéry Larbaud (1881–1957), Writer
• Albert Londres (1884-1932), Journalist
• Claude Vorilhon, Raël (Born September 30,1946), Religious Leader of the Raëlian Movement

Twin towns

Vichy is twinned with:

• Wilhelmshaven, Germany
• Bad Tölz, Germany
• Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, Germany
• Dunfermline, United Kingdom
• Logroño, Spain
• Cluj-Napoca, Romania

See also

• Hydrotherapy
• List of spa towns in France
• Vichy France

Sources

Translated from the French-language page, 29 June 2006.

External links

• Official website (in French)

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