(botany) A heterogeneous order of dicotyledons in the subclass Dilleniidae distinguished by a unilocular, compound ovary and mostly parietal placentation.
Violales
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(′vī·ə′lā·lēz)
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An order of flowering plants, division Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae), in the subclass Dilleniidae of the class Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons). The order consists of 24 families and more than 5000 species, including most of the families that have been referred to the Englerian order Parietales. The largest families are the Flacourtiaceae (about 800 species), Violaceae (about 800 species), Cucurbitaceae (about 900 species), Begoniaceae (about 1000 species), and Passifloraceae (about 650 species).
The most characteristic feature of this morphologically heterogeneous order is the unilocular, compound ovary with mostly parietal placentation. When the stamens are numerous they are initiated in centrifugal sequence. The more primitive members of the order, such as some of the Flacourtiaceae, are trees with stipulate, alternate leaves; perfect, polypetalous flowers with numerous centrifugal stamens; a compound pistil with free styles and parietal placentation; and seeds with a well-developed endosperm. Tendencies toward unisexuality, reduction in the number of stamens, fusion of filaments, development of a corona, reduction in the number of carpels, fusion of styles, and loss of endosperm from the seed can all be seen in the Flacourtiaceae. These are also some of the prominent characteristics used in combination to define many of the other families of the order. See also Flower; Leaf; Seed.
Cucumbers and melons (species of Cucumis, in the Cucurbitaceae), pumpkins and squashes (species of Cucurbita), begonias, and violets (Viola) are familiar members of the Violales. See also Cantaloupe; Cucumber; Dilleniidae; Honey Dew melon; Magnoliophyta; Magnoliopsida; Muskmelon; Persian melon; Plant taxonomy; Pumpkin; Squash; Watermelon.
| Wikipedia: Violales |
Violales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants and takes its name from the included family Violaceae. The name has been used in several systems, although some systems used the name Parietales for similar groupings. In the 1981 version of the influential Cronquist system, order Violales was placed in subclass Dilleniidae with a circumscription consisting of the families listed below. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system does not recognize order Violales; Violaceae is placed in order Malpighiales and the other families are reassigned to various orders as indicated.
- order Violales
- family Achariaceae → order Malpighiales
- family Ancistrocladaceae → order Caryophyllales
- family Begoniaceae → order Cucurbitales
- family Bixaceae → order Malvales
- family Caricaceae → order Brassicales
- family Cistaceae → order Malvales
- family Cucurbitaceae → order Cucurbitales
- family Datiscaceae → order Cucurbitales
- family Dioncophyllaceae → order Caryophyllales
- family Flacourtiaceae → included in family Salicaceae, in order Malpighiales
- family Fouquieriaceae → order Ericales
- family Frankeniaceae → order Caryophyllales
- family Hoplestigmataceae → uncertain position
- family Huaceae → eurosids I (direct placement)
- family Lacistemataceae → order Malpighiales
- family Loasaceae → order Cornales
- family Malesherbiaceae → order Malpighiales (optionally inside Passifloraceae)
- family Passifloraceae → order Malpighiales
- family Peridiscaceae → order Malpighiales
- family Scyphostegiaceae → included in family Salicaceae, in order Malpighiales
- family Stachyuraceae → order Crossosomatales
- family Tamaricaceae → order Caryophyllales
- family Turneraceae → order Malpighiales (optionally inside Passifloraceae)
- family Violaceae → order Malpighiales
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Mentioned in
- Begoniaceae (botany)
- cantaloupe (botany)
- casaba melon (botany)
- Flacourtiaceae (botany)
- Parietales (botany)
- Passifloraceae (botany)
- squash (botany)
- Violaceae (botany)
- Curcurbitaceae (botany)
- Honey Dew melon (botany)
- pumpkin (botany)
- cucumber (plant, fruit)
- Persian melon (botany)
- muskmelon (botany)
