- This article is about the deity. For the similarly-named Eighth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco see Viracocha (Inca). For the Temple of Wiracocha see Raqchi.
Viracocha is the great creator god in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. Full name and some spelling alternatives are Apu Qun Tiqsi Wiraqutra and Con-Tici Viracocha. Viracocha was one of the most important deities in the Inca pantheon and seen as the creator of all things, or the substance from which all things are created, and intimately associated with the sea.[1] Viracocha created the universe, sun, moon and stars, time (by commanding the sun to move over the sky)[2] and civilization itself. Viracocha was worshipped as god of the sun and of storms.[3] He was represented as wearing the sun for a crown, with thunderbolts in his hands, and tears descending from his eyes as rain.
Cosmogony according to Spanish Accounts
According to the myth recorded by Juan de Betanzos,[4] Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca (or sometimes the cave of Pacaritambo) during the time of darkness to bring forth light.[5] He made the sun, moon, and the stars. He made mankind by breathing into stones, but his first creation were brainless giants that displeased him. So he destroyed it with a flood and made a new, better one from smaller stones.[6] Viracocha eventually disappeared across the Pacific Ocean (by walking on the water), and never returned. He wandered the earth disguised as a beggar, teaching his new creations the basics of civilization, as well as working numerous miracles. He wept when he saw the plight of the creatures he had created.[citation needed] It was thought that Viracocha would re-appear in times of trouble. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa noted that Viracocha was described as "a man of medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured round the waist, and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands." [7]
In one legend he had one son, Inti, and two daughters, Mama Quilla and Pachamama. In this legend, he destroyed the people around Lake Titicaca with a Great Flood called Unu Pachakuti, saving two to bring civilization to the rest of the world, these two beings are Manco Capac, the son of Inti (sometimes taken as the son of Viracocha), which name means "splendid foundation", and Mama Ocllo, which means "mother fertility". These two founded the Inca civilization carrying a golden staff, called ‘tapac-yauri’. In another legend, he fathered the first eight civilized human beings. In some stories, he has a wife called Mama Cocha.
In another legend,[8] Viracocha had two sons, Imahmana Viracocha and Tocapo Virachocha. After the Great Flood and the Creation, Viracocha sent his sons to visit the tribes to the Northeast and Northwest to determine if they still obeyed his commandments. Viracocha himself traveled North. During their journey, Imaymana and Tocapo gave names to all the trees, flowers, fruits and herbs. They also taught the tribes which of these were edible, which had medicinal properties, and which were poisonous. Eventually, Viracocha, Tocapo and Imahmana arrived at Cuzco (in modern day Peru) and the Pacific seacoast where they walked across the water until they disappeared. The word "Viracocha" literally means "Sea Foam."[8]
Etymology
Tiqsi Huiracocha may have several meanings. In the local Quechua language tiqsi means foundation or base, huira (or wira) means fat, and cocha (or qucha[9]) means lake, sea, or reservoir. Viracocha's many epithets include great, all knowing, powerful, etc. Wira-cocha could mean "Fat (or foam) of the sea"[1][10] or "Wise One" or "Creator of all things".[11]
The name is also interpreted as a celebration of body fat (Sea of fat), which has a long pre-Hispanic tradition in the Andes region as it is natural for the peasant rural poor to view fleshiness and excess body fat as the very sign of life, good health, strength and beauty.[12]
Spanish Accounts and Authenticity
Similarly to the Incan god Viracocha, the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl and several other deities from Central and South American pantheons, Bochica is described in legends as being bearded. The beard, once mistaken as a mark of a prehistoric European influence and quickly fueled and embellished by spirits of the colonial era, had its single significance in the continentally insular culture of Mesoamerica. The "Anales de Cuauhtitlan" is a very important early source which is particularly valuable for having been originally written in Nahuatl. The Anales de Cuauhtitlan describes the attire of Quetzalcoatl at Tula:
"Immediately he made him his green mask; he took red color with which he made the lips russet; he took yellow to make the facade; and he made the fangs; continuing, he made his beard of feathers..." (Anales de Cuauhtitlan., 1975, 9.)"
In this quote the beard is represented as a dressing of feathers, fitting comfortably with academic impressions of Mesoamerican art. The connotation of the word 'beard' by Spanish colonizers was grossly abused as foundation for embellishment and fabrication of an original European influence in Mesoamerica.
Interestingly, not one cultural representation of either of these gods, painted, sculpted, et cetera, show them bearded in any sense the Spanish colonizers believed they would have been. No evidence in the abundance of Mesoamerican art are their signs of European influence, most stridently ruled out by the likenesses they gave themselves and their gods.
There have been questions on the authenticity of the preserved stories, and to what level they have been corrupted by the beliefs and imagery incorporated by Spanish Christian missionaries and monks who first chronicled the native legends.
See also
References
- ^ a b Dover, Robert V. H.; Katharine E. Seibold, John Holmes McDowell (1992). Andean cosmologies through time: persistence and emergence. Caribbean and Latin American studies. Indiana University Press. pp. 274. ISBN 0253318157. http://books.google.com/books?id=V9kXAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 22 November 2009. :56
- ^ Young-Sánchez, Margaret (2009). Tiwanaku: Papers from the 2005 Mayer Center Symposium at the Denver Art Museum. Denver Art Museum. ISBN 0806199725. http://books.google.com/books?id=RonjAAAAMAAJ&q=Wiracocha+created+the+sun,+moon,+stars,+and&dq=Wiracocha+created+the+sun,+moon,+stars,+and&lr=. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Encyclopedia Mythica, Viracocha
- ^ Alan Kolata's Valley of the Spirits: a Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara (1996), pages 65-72
- ^ Andrews, Tamra (2000). Dictionary of Nature Myths. Oxford University Press. pp. 216. ISBN 0195136772. http://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC&pg=PA216.
- ^ "Viracocha". Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth. Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd., London. 1996. http://www.credoreference.com/entry/2121372. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
- ^ Viracocha and the Coming of the Incas from "History of the Incas" by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, translated by Clements Markham, Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society 1907, pp. 28-58.
- ^ a b "Glossary, Inca Gods". First People of America and Canada - Turtle Island. http://www.firstpeople.us/glossary/native-american-gods-south-america-inca.html. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
- ^ Stobart, Henry (2006). Music and the poetics of production in the Bolivian Andes. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. pp. 336. ISBN 0754604896. http://books.google.com/books?id=-yZafFnjvJ4C. Retrieved 22 November 2009. :198
- ^ Damian, Carol; Steve Stein, Nicario Jiménez Quispe (2004). Popular art and social change in the retablos of Nicario Jiménez Quispe. Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0773462171. http://books.google.com/books?id=U15dAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Columbus, Claudette Kemper (1986). Mythological consciousness and the future: José María Arguedas. American University Studies; Series Ii, Romance Languages and Literature, Vol 52. P. Lang. p. 184. ISBN 0820403407. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbsdAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 22 November 2009. . (The reference quotes another source Henrique Urbano (1981) Wiracocha y Ayar. Heroes y funciones en las sociedades andinas. Cusco. Possible spelling with eihter W or V
- ^ Weismantel, Mary J. (2001). Cholas and pishtacos: stories of race and sex in the Andes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226891542. http://books.google.com/books?id=KjTTEGwxXHMC&pg=PA6&dq=pishtacos#v=snippet&q=pishtaco&f=false.
