VistaVision is a higher resolution, widescreen variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format which was created by engineers at Paramount Pictures in 1954.
Paramount did not buy into anamorphic systems such as CinemaScope but rather, refined the quality of their flat widescreen system by shooting onto a larger film negative which would yield a finer-grained 35mm print than normal.
As finer-grained film stocks appeared on the market, VistaVision was obsoleted. Paramount dropped the format after only seven years, although for another forty years, the format was used by some European and Japanese producers for feature films, as well as American film studios for notable, high resolution special effects which were matted into films
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History
As a response to an industry recession brought about by the popularity of television, the various Hollywood studios turned to large format movies in order to regain audience attendance. The first of these, Cinerama, debuted in September 1952, and consisted of three strips of 35mm film running side-by-side on a giant, curved screen, augmented by six channels of stereophonic sound.
Five months later, in February of the following year, Twentieth Century Fox announced that they would soon be introducing a simpler version of Cinerama using anamorphic lenses instead of multiple film strips; a process that soon became known to the public as CinemaScope.
As a response, Paramount Pictures devised their own system the following month to augment their 3D process known as Paravision. This process utilized a screen size that yielded an aspect ratio of 5 units wide by 3 units high, or 1.66:1. By using a different sized aperture plate and wider lens, a normal Academy ratio film could be matted to this or any other aspect ratio. Shortly thereafter, it was announced that all of their productions would be shot in this ratio.
This "flat" widescreen process was adopted by other studios and by the end of 1953, more than half of the exhibitors in the country had installed wide screens. However, there were drawbacks: because only a portion of the image was being used and blown up, excessive grain and soft images plagued early widescreen presentations. Some studios sought to compensate for this by shooting their color pictures with a full aperture gate (rather than the Academy aperture), and then reducing the image in Technicolor's optical printer.
Paramount took this concept a step further, and using old Stein cameras that were originally meant for an aborted early 1930s color process. For the color process, instead of an image four perforations high, the camera exposed eight perforations (essentially two frames), with one 4-perf image through two filters, one red and one green. In shooting VistaVision, the film was run horizontally rather than vertically, and instead of exposing one 4-perf frame twice, the entire eight perforations were used for one image.
Because of this peculiar format, VistaVision was sometimes called Lazy 8 by film professionals because of its horizontal orientation on the negative. This gave a wider aspect ratio of 1.5:1 versus the conventional 1.37:1 Academy ratio, and a much larger image area. In order to satisfy all theaters with all screen sizes, VistaVision films were shot in such a way that they could be shown in one of three recommended aspect ratios: 1.66:1, 1.85:1 and 2.00:1.
The negative was "scribed" with a new form of cue mark, created by Paramount at the start of each 2000-foot (610 m) reel. Similar in shape to an F, the cue mark contained staffs that directed the projectionist to the top of the frame for the three recommended aspect ratios. The projectionist racked his framing so that the staff touched the top of his screen (at the appropriate ratio) and the framing was set for the rest of the reel. On many home video releases these cue marks have been digitally erased.
While most competing widescreen film systems utilized magnetic audio and true stereophonic sound, early VistaVision only carried Perspecta Stereo, encoded in the optical track.
Loren L. Ryder, chief engineer at Paramount, expressed four general reasons why he thought Paramount's VistaVision would be the forerunner of widescreen projection in most theaters:
- VistaVision could be shown at any widescreen aspect ratio from 1.66 to 2:00:1.
- VistaVision could be (and most often was) further printed down to standard vertical 35mm reels keeping its 1.66:1 widescreen aspect ratio, which meant exhibitors did not need to purchase additional projection equipment, unlike CinemaScope.
- VistaVision did not cut down the number of seats in any theater (such as Cinerama and CinemaScope).
- VistaVision allowed patrons to see more and therefore gain more enjoyment out of a feature.[1]
After months of trade screenings, Paramount introduced VistaVision to the public at Radio City Music Hall on October 14, 1954 with their first film in the process, White Christmas.
White Christmas, Strategic Air Command, To Catch a Thief and The Battle of the River Plate (a.k.a. Pursuit of the Graf Spee) had very limited (two or three) prints struck in the 8-perf VistaVision format in which they were shot. Although the clarity of these 8-perf prints was striking, they were used only for premiere or preview engagements between 1954 and 1956 and required special projection equipment. This exhibition process was impractical because for the footage to travel through a projector at the normal 24 frames per second, the film had to roll at 3 feet per second, double the speed of 35 mm film and causing many technical and mechanical problems. Aside from these prints all other VistaVision films were shown in the conventional 4-perf format, as planned.
Alfred Hitchcock used VistaVision for many of his films in the 1950s. However, by the late 1950s with the introduction of finer-grained color stocks and the disadvantage of shooting twice as much negative stock, VistaVision became obsolete. Less expensive anamorphic systems such as Panavision and the 70 mm format became standard during the late 1950s and 1960s.
Since the last American VistaVision picture, One-Eyed Jacks in 1961, the format has not been used as a primary imaging system for American feature films. However, VistaVision's high resolution made it attractive for some special effects work within some later feature films. Many VistaVision cameras were sold off internationally beginning in the early 1960s, which led to a significant number of VistaVision-format productions (which did not use the trade name) in countries such as Italy and Japan from the 1960s to 1980s. The format was used infrequently for lesser-known Japanese films until at least 2000.
Special effects usage
In 1975 a small group of artists and technicians revived the long dormant format to create the special effects shots for George Lucas' space epic Star Wars. A retooled VistaVision camera dubbed the Dykstraflex was used by the group (later called Industrial Light & Magic) in complex process shots. For more than two decades after this VistaVision was often used as an originating and intermediate format for shooting special effects since a larger negative area compensates against the increased grain created when shots are optically composited. By the early 21st century computer-generated imagery, advanced film scanning, digital intermediate methods and film stocks with higher resolutions optimized for special effects work had together rendered VistaVision mostly obsolete even for special effects work. Nevertheless, in 2008 ILM was still using the format in some production steps, such as for Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull[citation needed].
Technical specifications
VistaVision (8/35)
- spherical lenses
- 8 perforations per frame
- horizontal pulldown, from right to left (viewed from base side)
- slightly less depth of field than vertical pulldown 35 mm
- camera aperture: 1.485" (37.72 mm) by 0.981" (24.92 mm)
Films shot in VistaVision
See also
References
- ^ Independent Film Journal, 33:25, March 20, 1954.
- Hart, Martin (1996). "The Development of VistaVision: Paramount Marches to a Different Drummer". http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/widescreen/vvstory.htm. Retrieved 2004-12-28.
External links
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