Wabash River

Wabash River
Map of the Wabash River watershed with the Wabash River highlighted.
Origin	Near Fort Recovery, Ohio in Mercer County, Ohio
Mouth	Ohio River near Shawneetown, Illinois
Basin countries	USA
Length	475 mi (764 km)
Avg. discharge	35,350 cu ft/s (1,001 m3/s)
Basin area	39,950 sq mi (103,500 km2)

The Wabash River at Lafayette, Indiana, showing the Myers Pedestrian Bridge, and the Amtrak station. The river flows from left to right (north to south). This stretch is notable for large, sandy deposits.

The Wabash River at Covington, Indiana

The Wabash River is a 475-mile (764 km)-long river in the Midwestern United States that flows southwest from northwest Ohio near Fort Recovery, Ohio across northern Indiana to Illinois where it forms the southern Illinois-Indiana border before draining into the Ohio River, of which it is the largest northern tributary. From the dam near Huntington to its terminus at the Ohio River, the Wabash flows freely for 411 miles (661 km) which makes it the longest stretch of free-flowing river in the United States east of the Mississippi River.^{[citation needed]}

The Wabash is the state river of Indiana, and subject of the state song, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" by Paul Dresser.

History

When the Wisconsin Glacier melted 14,000 years ago, part of the meltwaters formed the proglacial Lake Maumee, the ancestor to Lake Erie. Eventually the meltwaters overtopped a glacial moraine located near Fort Wayne, Indiana, and catastrophically drained southwestward in the Maumee Torrent. The torrent carved the wide alluvial valley that the Wabash flows through today.

The name "Wabash" is an English spelling of the French name for the river, "Ouabache." French traders named the river after the Miami Indian word for the river, waapaahšiiki, meaning "it shines white". The Miami name reflected the clarity of the river in Huntington County, Indiana where the river bottom is limestone.^[1] This is a historical oddity since today the river bottom is no longer visible due to water pollution and agricultural siltation.

The Wabash was mapped and named by French explorers to the Mississippi, including the sections now known as the Ohio River^[2] Although the Wabash is today considered a tributary of the Ohio, it was considered the other way around until the mid-18th century.^[3] This is because the French traders traveled North and South from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and the Ohio River was not considered an important trade route until France and Great Britain began fighting for control over it, sparking the French and Indian War.^[4]. For 200 years, from the mid-1600s into the 1800s, the Wabash was a major trading route, linking Canada, Quebec and the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River and Louisiana.

Three notable battles in U.S. history: the Battle of Vincennes (1779), St. Clair's Defeat (1791) and the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), were fought near the Wabash; the last two have each been referred to as the "Battle of the Wabash".

A 329-acre (133 ha) remnant of the old-growth forests that once bordered the Wabash can be found at Beall Woods State Park, near Mount Carmel, Illinois.

In the 1800s, the Wabash and Erie Canal, one of the longest canals in the world, was built.

On July 2, 2008, it was reported that after heavy flooding over the previous several weeks the river had cut a new channel. This cut-off created a new 1,700-acre (690 ha) island at Mackeys Bend. This is now the largest island on the Wabash River. Detailed information about this historic event can be found at http://www.indianawaterways.com/wabashrivercutoff.htm

Major tributaries

The major tributaries of the Wabash River include:

• Salamonie River (Indiana)
• Little River (Indiana)
• Mississinewa River (Indiana)
• Eel River (Indiana)
• Tippecanoe River (Indiana)
• White River (Indiana)
• Patoka River (Indiana)
• Vermilion River (Illinois and Indiana)
• Embarras River (Illinois)
• Little Wabash River (Illinois)
• Wildcat Creek (Indiana)

Dams

The Wabash River is regulated by a dam operated by the Army Corps of Engineers near Huntington, Indiana. The dam creates J. Edward Roush Lake, and the surrounding property makes up the J. Edward Roush State Park.^[5] During its development, fluid mechanics students were given this problem to tackle the forces the dam would need to sustain: A dam is to be constructed across the Wabash River using the cross-section shown. Assume the dam width is w = 50 m. For water height H = 2.5 m, calculate the magnitude and line of action of the vertical force of water on the dam face. Is it possible for water forces to overturn this dam? Under what circumstances?

Other dams used when the river carried commercial traffic in the early 20th century have since been destroyed.^{[citation needed]}

Cities and towns along the Wabash

Illinois

A small island and water fowl wildlife refuge in the Wabash near Mount Carmel, Illinois.

• Grayville
• Hutsonville
• Maunie
• Mount Carmel
• St. Francisville

Indiana

• Andrews
• Attica
• Bluffton
• Clinton
• Covington
• Delphi
• Huntington
• Lafayette
• Lagro
  

  

  The Wabash River at Williamsport, Indiana.
• Logansport
• Markle
• Merom
• Montezuma
• Newport
• New Harmony
• Perrysville
• Peru
• Terre Haute
• Vincennes
• Wabash
• West Lafayette
• Williamsport

Ohio

• Fort Recovery

See also

Indiana portal

• Wabash Valley Seismic Zone
• List of Illinois rivers
• List of Indiana rivers
• List of Ohio rivers
• Watersheds of Illinois
• Wabash and Erie Canal

Further reading

Arthur Benke & Colbert Cushing, "Rivers of North America". Elsevier Academic Press, 2005 ISBN 0-12-088253-1

Rhodes, Captain Rick, "The Ohio River --In American History and Voyaging on Today's River" has a section on the Wabash River, 2007, ISBN 978-09665866-33

Notes and References

• Bright, William Native American Placenames of the United States. 2004. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
• Derleth, August (©1968). Vincennes: Portal to The West. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ LCCN 68-20537. 
• Law, Judge Colonial History of Vincennes 1858. Harvey, Mason & Co.

External links

• A very thorough access point guide to the Wabash River
• The Wabash River Heritage Corridor Commission
• Indiana Waterways-Wabash River Guidebook
• USGS GNIS: Wabash River

Coordinates: 37°47′53″N 88°1′38″W / 37.79806°N 88.02722°W / 37.79806; -88.02722