wake

Dictionary: wake¹ (wāk) pronunciation

v., woke (wōk), or waked (wākt), waked, or wok·en (wō'kən), wak·ing, wakes.

v.intr.

1. To cease to sleep; become awake: overslept and woke late.
2. To stay awake: Bears wake for spring, summer, and fall and hibernate for the winter.
3. To be brought into a state of awareness or alertness: suddenly woke to the danger we were in.
To keep watch or guard, especially over a corpse.

v.tr.

To rouse from sleep; awaken.
To stir, as from a dormant or inactive condition; rouse: wake old animosities.
To make aware of; alert: The shocking revelations finally woke me to the facts of the matter.
1. To keep a vigil over.
2. To hold a wake over.

A watch; a vigil.
A watch over the body of a deceased person before burial, sometimes accompanied by festivity. Also called viewing.
wakes (used with a sing. or pl. verb) Chiefly British.
1. A parish festival held annually, often in honor of a patron saint.
2. An annual vacation.

[Middle English wakien, waken, from Old English wacan, to wake up and wacian, to be awake, keep watch.]

waker wak'er n.

USAGE NOTE The pairs wake, waken and awake, awaken have formed a bewildering array since the Middle English period. All four words have similar meanings, though there are some differences in use. Only wake is used in the sense "to be awake," as in expressions like wakingand sleeping, every waking hour. Wake is also more common than waken when used together with up, and awake and awaken never occur in this context: She woke up (rarely wakened up; never awakened up or awoke up). Some writers have suggested that waken should be used only transitively (as in The alarm wakened him) and awaken only intransitively (as in He awakened at dawn), but there is ample literary precedent for usages such as He wakened early and They did not awaken her. In figurative senses awake and awaken are more prevalent: With the governor's defeat the party awoke to the strength of the opposition to its position on abortion. The scent of the gardenias awakened my memory of his unexpected appearance that afternoon years ago.

REGIONAL NOTE Regional American dialects vary in the way that certain verbs form their principal parts. Northern dialects seem to favor forms that change the internal vowel in the verb-hence dove for the past tense of dive, and woke for wake: They woke up with a start. Southern dialects, on the other hand, tend to prefer forms that add an -ed to form the past tense and the past participle of these same verbs: The children dived into the swimming hole. The baby waked up early.

wake² (wāk) pronunciation

The visible track of turbulence left by something moving through water: the wake of a ship.
A track, course, or condition left behind something that has passed: The war left destruction and famine in its wake.

idiom:

in the wake of

Following directly on.
In the aftermath of; as a consequence of.

[Possibly from Middle Low German, hole in the ice, of Scandinavian origin, akin to Old Norse vök.]

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Thesaurus: wake¹

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verb

See

awareness/unawareness

noun

watch

See

ritual

wake²

noun

See

Idioms: wake

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Idioms beginning with wake:
wake-up call

See also in the wake of; to wake the dead.

US Military Dictionary: wake

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n. a trail of disturbed water or air left by the passage of a ship or aircraft.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

English Folklore: wakes

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(2)

Until well into the 20th century, it was usual for the dead to be kept at home until the funeral. Since the body should never be left alone, family members would keep watch beside it, but the organized ‘wake’ attended by many relatives and neighbours, as in Ireland, virtually vanished from England soon after the Reformation. Only two records of it remain. One comes from Aubrey, who noted the mixture of prayer, drinking, and games so characteristic of wake customs:

At the funeralls in Yorkshire, to this day they continue the custome of watching & sitting-up all night till the body is interred. In the interim some kneel downe and pray (by the corps), some play at cards, some drink & take Tobacco: they have also Mimicall playes and sports, e.g., they choose a simple young fellow to be a Judge, and then the Suppliants (having first blacked their hands by rubbing it under the bottome of the Pott), beseech his Lordship and smutt all his face. They play likewise at Hot-cockles. (Aubrey, 1686/1880: 30-1)

He gives a glimpse of popular ideas about the ordeals awaiting the dead: ‘The beliefe in Yorkeshire was amongst the vulgar (perhaps is in part still), that after the persons death the soule went over Whinney-moore’ (i.e. a moor of gorse). ‘Till about 1616’, some hired woman would come to the wake to sing the Lyke-Wake Dirge, about the soul's journey. It must pass Whinney-moor and the Bridge of Dread to reach Purgatory fire; those who have given shoes to the poor can cross the moor unhurt, and those who have given ‘milk or drink’ can pass through the fire, but the uncharitable will be pricked and burnt ‘to the bare bone’. The second reference is a late 16th-century letter cited by Walter Scott in his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. This too describes women singing round the corpse about the dead coming to ‘a great launde full of thornes and furzen’, where an old man will meet them with the very shoes they once gave away, so they can cross unhurt (Scott, ed. T. F. Henderson, (1902), iii. 163-4).

This type of wake, mixing prayer-vigil, hospitality, and entertainment, left no later trace. Occasionally, however, something similar was reinvented for practical reasons; thus, Victorian London costermongers wanting to raise money for a funeral would visit the widow's house in groups, make donations, and gather round the corpse in a deliberately jolly mood (Binder, 1975: 42-3).

Columbia Encyclopedia: wake

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wake, watch kept over a dead body, usually during the night preceding burial. Ancient peoples in various parts of the world observed the custom. As an ancient ritual, it was rooted in a concern that no person should be buried alive. After it was adopted by Christians and as it is practiced today, the wake serves the primary purpose of allowing friends and relatives of the deceased an opportunity to adjust collectively to the changed conditions. Typically there are traditional songs and laments. Prayers for the deceased and eating and drinking by the assembled mourners are features of the wake. Wakes may vary from part of one night to three nights in length. See funeral customs.

Word Tutor: wake

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IN BRIEF: n. - A vigil held over a corpse the night before burial v. - Stop sleeping.

The best way to make your dreams come true is to wake up. — J.M. Power

Dream Symbol: Wake

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Dreaming about waking up (but remaining asleep) can simply be reflecting our anxiety about waking up in time. Awaking is also a common metaphor for realizing something. Also note possible idiomatic meanings, such as a "rude awakening," a "wake up call," or "wake up and smell the coffee."

Wikipedia: Wake

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For other uses, see Wake (disambiguation).

The wake of a slow moving boat

Wake of a boat crossing an alpine lake

A wake is the region of recirculating flow immediately behind a moving solid body, caused by the flow of surrounding fluid around the body.

1 Fluid dynamics
2 Wake pattern of a boat
3 Recreation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Fluid dynamics

In fluid dynamics, a wake is the region of disturbed flow (usually turbulent) downstream of a solid body moving through a fluid, caused by the flow of the fluid around the body. In incompressible fluids (liquids) such as water, a bow wake is created when a watercraft moves through the medium; as the medium cannot be compressed, it must be displaced instead, resulting in a wave. As with all wave forms, it spreads outward from the source until its energy is overcome or lost, usually by friction or dispersion.

The formation of these waves in liquids is analogous to the generation of shockwaves in compressible flow, such as those generated by rockets and aircraft traveling supersonically through air (see also Lighthill equation). The non-dimensional parameter of interest is the Froude number.

For a blunt body in subsonic external flow, for example the Apollo or Orion capsules during descent and landing, the wake is massively separated and there exists a reverse flow region behind the body, in which the flow is actually moving toward the body. This phenomenon is often observed in wind tunnel testing of aircraft, and is especially important when parachute systems are involved, because unless the parachute lines extend the canopy beyond the reverse flow region, the chute can fail to inflate and thus collapse. Parachutes deployed into wakes suffer dynamic pressure deficits which reduce their expected drag forces. High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics simulations are often undertaken to model wake flows, although such modeling has uncertainties associated with turbulence modeling (for example RANS versus LES implementations), in addition to unsteady flow effects. Example applications include rocket stage separation and aircraft store separation.

Wake pattern of a boat

Wake from a small motorboat with an outboard motor

Waterfowls and boats moving across the surface of water produce a wake pattern, first explained mathematically by Lord Kelvin and known today as the Kelvin wake pattern. This pattern consists of two wake lines that form the arms of a V, with the source of the wake at the point. Each wake line is offset from the path of the wake source by around 17° and is made up with feathery wavelets that are angled at roughly 53° to the path. The interior of the V is filled with transverse curved waves, each of which is an arc of a circle centered at a point lying on the path at a distance twice that of the arc to the wake source. This pattern is independent of the speed and size of the wake source over a significant range of values. The angles in this pattern are not intrinsic properties of water; Any isentropic and incompressible liquid with low viscosity will exhibit the same phenomenon. This phenomenon has nothing to do with turbulence. Everything discussed here is based on the linear theory of an ideal fluid.

This pattern follows from the Dispersion relation of deep water waves, which is often written as,

$\omega = \sqrt{g k},$

where $g$ is the strength of the gravity field and "deep" means that the depth is greater than half of the wavelength. This formula has two implications: first, the speed of the wave scales with the wavelength and second, the group velocity of a deep water wave is half of its phase velocity.

As a surface object moves along its path at a constant velocity $v$ , it continuously generates a series of small disturbances corresponding to waves with a wide spectrum of wavelengths. Those waves with the longest wavelengths have phase speeds above $v$ and simply dissipate into the surrounding water without being easily observed. Only the waves with phase speeds at or below $v$ get amplified through the process of constructive interference and form visible shock waves.

In a medium like air, where the dispersion relation is linear, i.e.

$\omega = c k,\,$

the phase velocity c is the same for all wavelengths and the group velocity has the same value as well. The angle $θ$ of the shock wave thus follows from simple trigonometry and can be written as,

$\theta = \arcsin \left( \frac{c}{v} \right).$

This angle is dependent on $v$ , and the shock wave only forms when $v > c$ .

In deep water, however, shock waves always form even from slow-moving sources because waves with short enough wavelengths move still more slowly. These shock waves also manifest themselves at sharper angles than one would naively expect because it is group velocity that dictates the area of constructive interference and, in deep water, the group velocity is only half of the phase velocity.

The trigonometrical coincidence that contributes to the Kelvin wake pattern.

By a simple accident in trigonometry, all shock waves that should have had angles between 33° and 72° get compressed into a narrow band of wake with angles between 15° and 19°, resulting in the two arms of the V in the Kelvin wake pattern. This can be seen easily in the diagram on the left. Here, we consider waves generated at point C by the source which has now moved to point A. These waves would have formed a shock wave at the line AB, with the angle CAB = 62° because the phase velocity of the wave has been chosen to be $\sin \left( 62^\circ \right)$ = 0.883 of the boat velocity. But the group velocity is only half of the phase velocity, so the wake actually forms along the line AD, where D is the mid-point on the segment BC, and the wake angle CAD turns out to be 19°. The wavefronts of the wavelets in the wake coming from the wave components in our example still maintain an angle of 62° to the AC line. In reality, all the waves with would-be-shock-wave-angles between 33° and 72° contribute to the same narrow wake band and the wavelets exhibit an angle of 53°, which is roughly the average of 33° and 72°.

The wave components with would-be-shock-wave-angles between 73° and 90° dominate the interior of the V. Again, the waves that should have joined together and formed a wall similar to the phenomenon in sonic boom end up half-way between the point of generation and the current location of the wake source. This explains the curvature of the arcs.

Those very short waves with would-be-shock-wave-angles below 33° lack a mechanism to reinforce their amplitudes through constructive interference and are usually perceived by the naked eyes as small ripples on top of the interior transverse waves.

Recreation

"No wake zones" may prohibit wakes in marinas, near moorings and within some distance of shore^[1] in order to facilitate recreation by other boats, and reduce the damage wakes cause.

Wakes are occasionally used recreationally. Swimmers, people riding personal watercraft, and aquatic mammals such as dolphins, can ride the leading edge of a wake. In the sport of wakeboarding the wake is used as a jump. The wake is also used to propel a surfer in the sport of wakesurfing. In the sport of water polo, the ball carrier can swim while advancing the ball, propelled ahead with the wake created by alternating armstrokes, a technique known as dribbling.

The wakes of two slow-moving boats. The nearer boat has made a striking series of ruler-straight waves

Sunseeker wake on the Indian River looking at the 17th Street bridge

Wake behind a ferry in the Baltic Sea

Wave cloud pattern in the wake of the Île Amsterdam (lower left, at the "tip" of the triangular formation of clouds) in the southern Indian Ocean

References

^ BoatWakes.org, Table of distances

External links

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Translations: Wake

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Dansk (Danish)
1.
v. intr. - vågne
v. tr. - vække, våge, være vågen
n. - vågenat, vagt, gravøl, industriferie, forlystelsesmarked

idioms:

wake up to blive klar over, få øjnene op for
waking hours vågetime, vågenat

2.
n. - kølvand

idioms:

in someone's wake i kølvandet på en
in the wake of i kølvandet på, lige efter

Nederlands (Dutch)
wakker worden, ontwaken, wekken, waken, kielzog

Français (French)
1.
v. intr. - se réveiller, s'éveiller
v. tr. - réveiller, éveiller, tirer du sommeil
n. - vigile

idioms:

wake up to prendre conscience de
waking hours journée

2.
n. - (Naut) sillage

idioms:

in someone's wake dans le sillage de qn
in the wake of à la suite de

Deutsch (German)
1.
v. - aufwachen, erwachen, wecken, erwecken
n. - Totenwache, Kirchweih, Dorffest

idioms:

wake up to sich etwas bewußt werden
waking hours Tag, Zeit, in der man nicht schläft

2.
n. - Sog, Kielwasser, Turbulenz

idioms:

in someone's wake in jmds. Gefolge
in the wake of im Gefolge von, als Folge von, unmittelbar nach od. hinter

Ελληνική (Greek)
v. - ξυπνώ, αφυπνίζω/-ομαι, ζωντανεύω, δραστηριοποιώ/ούμαι
n. - ξαγρύπνημα νεκρού, απόνερα σκάφους

idioms:

in someone's wake στο κατόπι, στο πέρασμα (κάποιου)
in the wake of στα ίχνη, ως συνέπεια
wake up to ξυπνάω και ανακαλύπτω
waking hours ώρες που είναι κάποιος ξύπνιος

Italiano (Italian)
svegliarsi, svegliare, scia

idioms:

in someone's wake dietro
in the wake of subito dopo, come conseguenza di
wake up to rendersi conto di
waking hours ore del giorno

Português (Portuguese)
v. - acordar, reviver, estimular
n. - vigília (f)

idioms:

in someone's wake da mesma forma que alguém
in the wake of seguindo diretamente, como conseqüência
wake up to ter consciência
waking hours horas de acordar

Русский (Russian)
просыпаться, будить, возбуждать, оживать, опомниться, осознать, бодрствовать, бодрствование, поминки, всенощная, престольный праздник, кильватер, след

idioms:

in someone's wake по пятам кого-л.
in the wake of в кильватере, по пятам, по следам (события)
wake up to осознавать что-л.
waking hours часы бодрствования

Español (Spanish)
1.
v. intr. - despertarse, revivir, resucitar
v. tr. - despertar, resucitar, velar (a un muerto), estar despierto
n. - velatorio, vela, vigilia, kermesse

idioms:

wake up to darse cuenta de
waking hours las horas en que uno está despierto, horas de vela

2.
n. - estela (de buque, avión, etc.), aguaje (de buque)

idioms:

in someone's wake en la huella de
in the wake of después de alguien, tras, a raíz de, inmediatamente después de, como secuela o resultado de

Svenska (Swedish)
v. - vakna, väcka, vaka
n. - vaka, likvaka, kölvatten

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
醒来, 警觉, 醒着, 生醒, 叫醒, 激发, 醒, 尾迹, 守夜, 船的航迹

idioms:

in someone's wake 仿效某人, 紧跟某人之后
in the wake of 尾随
wake up to 认识到, 意识到
waking hours 醒着的时候

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
v. intr. - 醒來, 警覺, 醒著
v. tr. - 叫醒, 激發
n. - 守夜;守靈

idioms:

in someone's wake 仿效某人, 緊跟某人之後
in the wake of 尾隨
wake up to 認識到, 意識到
waking hours 醒著的時候

2.
n. - 船跡;尾流

한국어 (Korean)
1.
v. intr. - 잠 깨다, 눈을 뜨고 있다, (정신적으로) 깨닫다
v. tr. - ~을 깨우다, ~의 눈을 뜨게 하다, (정신적으로) 깨닫게 하다
n. - (종교상의) 철야, 밤샘, (잉글랜드 북부 노동자의) 연 1회의 1-2주의 휴일

idioms:

wake up to ~에 조심하고 있다

2.
n. - 배 지나간 자국, (수면의) 향적

idioms:

in someone's wake 누구[의 예]를 따라 하다
in the wake of ~의 자국을 좇아서, ~을 본떠서, ~의 결과로서

日本語 (Japanese)
v. - 目を覚ます, 起きる, 気づく, 目覚める, 目を覚ましている
n. - 通夜, 跡, 徹夜祭

idioms:

in someone's wake 起きている
in the wake of 跡を追って, …にならって
wake up to 目覚めさせる

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(فعل) أصحى, يستيقظ, يوقظ, يسهر (الاسم) يقظه, السهر على جثه الميت قبل دفنها, أثر يخلفه جسم متحرك مثل ما تخلفه السفينه الجاريه في الماء, عطله سنويه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
v. intr. - ‮התעורר, היה ער, היה מודע ל-‬
v. tr. - ‮עורר, העיר, הפריע את השקט‬
n. - ‮ליל-שימורים (למת), הפריע את השקט, ליל-שימורים, חגיגה או יריד לאזכור הקדשת כנסיה‬
n. - ‮שובל קצף מאחורי אוניה, עקבות, שובל אוויר מאחורי מטוס‬

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Copyrights:

		Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Thesaurus. Roget's II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition by the Editors of the American Heritage® Dictionary Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		Idioms. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more
		US Military Dictionary. The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military. Copyright © 2001, 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Read more
		English Folklore. A Dictionary of English Folklore. Copyright © 2000, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more
		Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/. Read more
		Word Tutor. Copyright © 2004-present by eSpindle Learning, a 501(c) nonprofit organization. All rights reserved. eSpindle provides personalized spelling and vocabulary tutoring online; free trial. Read more
		Dream Symbol. The Dreams Encyclopedia. 1995 ©Visible Ink Press. All rights reserved. Read more
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wake

Contents

Fluid dynamics

Wake pattern of a boat

Recreation

See also

References

External links