Walter Duranty (1884–October 3, 1957) was a Liverpool-born British journalist who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1932 for a set of stories he wrote in 1931 as The New York Times Moscow correspondent, covering Joseph Stalin's Five-Year Plan to industrialize the Soviet Union. The award of the Pulitzer Prize to him is controversial, largely due to his reporting on the Ukrainian famine in 1933.

After finishing college, he moved to Paris. During the First World War, he avoided military service through his job as a reporter. In 1919, he gained initial notice from a story about the Paris Peace Conference. He then moved to Riga to cover events in the newly independent Baltic States.

Duranty moved to the Soviet Union in 1921. Travelling by train from Paris to Le Harve in 1924, the train wrecked and Duranty's left leg was injured. After he was initially operated on, the surgeon discovered gangrene in the leg. The leg was removed. After recovery Duranty continued his career as a journalist in the Soviet Union. In 1929, he was granted an exclusive interview with Joseph Stalin which enhanced his reputation.

Views on the Soviet Union

In the reporting that won him the Pulitzer Prize, Duranty held that the Russian people were "Asiatic" in thought. That meant to him that they valued communal effort and required autocratic government. To him, individuality and private enterprise were alien concepts to the Russian people which only led to social disruption. Attempts since the time of Peter the Great to apply Western ideals in Russia were a failed form of European Colonialism that had been finally swept away by the 1917 Revolution. Lenin and his New Economic Policy were both failures tainted by western thought. Duranty saw Stalin as getting rid of the New Economic Policy because he had no political competition. The famine demonstrated the lack of organized opposition to Stalin, because his position was never truly threatened by the catastrophe; Stalin's purges surely contributed to this political vacuum. Stalin did what Lenin could only try to do, “re-established a dictator of the imperial idea and put himself in charge” with means of intimidation. “Stalin didn’t look upon himself as a dictator, but as a ‘guardian of a sacred flame’ that he called Stalinism for lack of a better name.” (Walter Duranty, Duranty Reports Russia (New York: Viking Press, 1934). Stalin’s five-year plan was an attempt to effect a new way of life for the Russian people.

Duranty argued that the Soviet Union’s mentality in 1931 greatly differed from the perception created by Marxist ideas. Duranty claimed “It would be more proper to refer to the principle present during the period of Stalin’s reign as Stalinism.” (Walter Duranty, Duranty Reports Russia (New York: Viking Press, 1934),238. Stalinism in Duranty’s view is a progression and integration of Marxism combined with Leninism. In a June 24, 1931 article in the New York Times, Duranty gives his views of the Soviet actions in the countryside that eventually led to the famine in Ukraine. He described those who opposed collectivization of farming as an "almost privileged class" that had been created by mistake by Lenin. He said that the same logic that led to the overthrow of the Czarist regime must inevitably lead to the destruction of these people, whom he numbered at 5,000,000. He compared Stalin's logic in the matter to that of the Biblical Prophet Samuel or Tamerlane. He said that these people had to be "liquidated or melted in the hot fire of exile and labor into the proletarian mass". Duranty claimed that the Siberian labor camps were a means of giving individuals a chance to rejoin Soviet society but also said that for those who could not accept the system, "the final fate of such enemies is death.". Duranty, though describing the system as cruel, says he has "no brief for or against it, nor any purpose save to try to tell the truth". He ends the article with the claim that the brutal collectivization campaign which led to the famine was motivated by the "hope or promise of a subsequent raising up" of Asian-minded masses in the Soviet Union which only history could judge.

Rather than just repeating the Stalinist viewpoint, Duranty often admitted the brutality of the Stalinist system and then proceeded to both explain and defend why dictatorship or brutality were necessary.

The Famine

In 1932, reports of famine in Ukraine started appearing from journalists such as Gareth Jones of The Times and Malcolm Muggeridge of The Guardian. Both men defied travel restrictions and secretly went to view conditions in Ukraine. In the spring of 1933, Jones left the Soviet Union and reported the famine under his own name in the Manchester Guardian. Around the same time, six British citizens were arrested on charges of industrial espionage. On March 31, 1933, Walter Duranty denounced the famine stories and Gareth Jones in the New York Times. In the piece, he described the situation under the title "Russians Hungry, But Not Starving" as follows: "In the middle of the diplomatic duel between Great Britain and the Soviet Union over the accused British engineers, there appears from a British source a big scare story in the American press about famine in the Soviet Union, with 'thousands already dead and millions menaced by death from starvation."

English journalist Malcolm Muggeridge, who had secretly been in Ukraine for The Guardian, later called Duranty "the greatest liar I have met in journalism." But while Gareth Jones had published his articles under his own name, the Muggeridge articles were published in the Guardian without Muggeridge's name on them. Neither Muggeridge nor any other member of the press establishment covering the Soviet Union came to the public defense of Gareth Jones. And while Jones wrote letters supporting the unattributed articles in the Guardian, Muggeridge did not write similar articles to the New York Times supporting Jones.

Contradicting what he had written in the New York Times, on September 26, 1933 in a private conversation with British Diplomat William Strang, Duranty said, "it is quite possible that as many as 10 million people may have died directly or indirectly from lack of food in the Soviet Union during the past year."

The duel in the press over the famine stories came at the same time as sensitive negotiations over establishing diplomatic relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. After relations were established in November 1933, a dinner was given for Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov in New York's Waldorf Astoria Hotel. Walter Duranty was given such a prominent role in the dinner that Alexander Woollcott wrote, "Indeed, one quite got the impression that America, in a spasm of discernment, was recognizing both Russia and Walter Duranty."

Criticisms

Scholars such as Robert Conquest and Sally J. Taylor, have criticized Duranty for his deference to Joseph Stalin's and the Soviet Union's official propaganda in Duranty's news stories. Conquest has written several books, starting in the 1970s including The Great Terror and Harvest of Sorrows which have been critical of Duranty's reporting from the Soviet Union. Taylor wrote a book in 1990 called Stalin's Apologist : Walter Duranty: The New York Times's Man in Moscow (ISBN 0-19-505700-7).

Political commentators such as Joe Alsop and Andrew Stuttaford have also been critical of Duranty. [1]

The New York Times hired a professor of Russian history to review Duranty's work. That professor, Mark Von Hagen of Columbia University, concluded Mr. Duranty's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical, and they far too often gave voice to Stalinist propaganda. He also said in comments to the press, "For the sake of The New York Times' honor, they should take the prize away". [2] The New York Times sent Von Hagen's report to the Pulitzer Board and left it to the board to take whatever action they considered appropriate. [3]

In his New York Times articles (including one published on March 31, 1933), Duranty repeatedly denied the existence of a Ukrainian famine in 1932–33. In a August 24 1933 article in NYT, he claimed "any report of a famine is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda", but admitted privately to William Strang (in the British Embassy in Moscow on September 26, 1933) that "it is quite possible that as many as ten million people may have died directly or indirectly from lack of food in the Soviet Union during the past year." [4]

American engineer Zara Witkin and UK intelligence have shown that Duranty knowingly misrepresented this well-documented event, known as the Holodomor in Ukraine. Several organizations have called on the Pulitzer Board to revoke his prize, but in 2003 the Board issued a statement announcing its decision not to revoke the prize, although it did state that "Mr. Duranty's 1931 work, measured by today's standards for foreign reporting, falls seriously short". Duranty was also criticized for defending Stalin's notorious show trials. Sig Gissler, the Administrator of the Board, claimed that there "was not clear and convincing evidence of deliberate deception, the relevant standard in this case," an assertion for which no proof was provided. This assertion has been disproven. *Markian Pelech, "Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize Invalidated. The Pulitzer Board set the Standard."

Later career

Duranty lived in Moscow for twelve years leaving in 1934. Later in that same year, he visited the White House in the company of Soviet Officials including Litvinov. He continued as a special correspondent for the New York Times through 1940.

He wrote several books on the Soviet Union after 1940. He died in Florida in 1957.

See also

• Gareth Jones (journalist)
• Lion Feuchtwanger

External links

Pulitzer Prize Articles by Walter Duranty

• "Red Russia of Today Ruled by Stalinism, Not Communism"
• "Socialism First Aim in Soviet's Program; Trade Gains Second"
• "Stalinism Shelves World Revolt Idea; To Win Russia First"
• "Industrial Success Emboldens Soviet in New World Policy"
• "Trade Equilibrium is New Soviet Goal"
• "Soviet Fixes Opinion by Widest Control"
• "Soviet Censorship Hurts Russia Most"
• "Stalinism Smashes Foes in Marx's Name"
• "Red Army is Held No Menace to Peace"
• "Stalinism Solving Minorities Problem"
• "Stalinism's Mark is Party Discipline"
• "The Russian Looks at the World"
• "Stalin's Russia Is An Echo of Iron Ivan's"

Books

• The curious lottery, and other tales of Russian justice, New York : Coward-McCann (1929)
• Red Economics, New York : Houghton Mifflin Company, (1932)
• Duranty reports Russia, New York : The Viking Press (1934)
• I write as I please. New York : Simon and Schuster (1935)
• One life, one kopeck; a novel, New York : Simon and Schuster (1937)
• Babies without tails, stories by Walter Duranty. New York: Modern Age Books (1937)
• The Kremlin and the people, New York : Reynal & Hitchcock, inc (1941)
• USSR : the story of soviet Russia, New York : J.B. Lippincott Company (1944)
• Stalin & Co. : the Politburo, the men who run Russia, New York : W. Sloane Associates (1949)

References

• Muggeridge, Malcolm Winter in Moscow (1934)
• Conquest, Robert The Great Terror: Stalin's Purge of the Thirties (1968)
• Conquest, Robert, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986)
• Crowl, James W. Angels in Stalin's Paradise: Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917-1937; A Case Study of Louis Fischer and Walter Duranty. Washington, D.C.: The University of America Press (1981), ISBN 0-8191-2185-1
• Taylor, Sally J. Stalin's Apologist: Walter Duranty : The New York Times Man in Moscow. Oxford University Press (1990), ISBN 0-19-505700-7

The Pulitzer Prize Controversy

• The section of articles regarding the campaign to revoke Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize
• The Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain — Duranty Protest Site
• The Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association (UCCLA) - W.Duranty Protest
• Ukrainian Congress Committee of America official site about Walter Duranty and Holodomor
• Zara Witkin's memoir of Soviet Russia, see pages 208-210
• Pulitzer Prize Board Statement on Walter Duranty's 1932 Prize
• Markian Pelech, "Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize Invalidated. The Pulitzer Board set the Standard."

Donate to Wikimedia